Acanthoideae

Stenosiphonium wightii, copyright Flowers of India.

Belongs within: Acanthaceae.
Contains: Andrographinae, Barleria, Lepidagathis, Justiciinae, Ruellia, Strobilanthes, Petalidium.

The Acanthoideae are a subgroup of the flowering plant family Acanthaceae characterised by fruits that are explosive capsules, with seeds bearing a small, hooked stalk (retinaculum) that ejects them from the capsule (Scotland & Volleson 2000).

<==Acanthoideae [Imbricatae] K08
    |--Acantheae SV00
    |    |  i. s.: Acanthopsis hoffmannseggiana SV00
    |    |         Achyrocalyx SV00
    |    |         Blepharis [incl. Acanthodium, Blepharacanthus, Trichacanthus] SV00
    |    |           |--B. ferox CV06
    |    |           |--B. fleckii CV06
    |    |           |--B. gigantea CV06
    |    |           |--B. linariaefolia PP07
    |    |           |--B. maderaspatensis HK98
    |    |           |--B. meyeri CV06
    |    |           |--B. pruinosa CV06
    |    |           `--B. spinifex CV06
    |    |         Crossandrella SV00
    |    |         Cynarospermum SV00
    |    |         Cyphacanthus SV00
    |    |         Encephalosphaera SV00
    |    |         Geissomeria SV00
    |    |         Holographis [incl. Berginia, Lundellia, Pringleophytum] SV00
    |    |         Neriacanthus [incl. Aphanandrium] SV00
    |    |         Orophochilus SV00
    |    |         Rhombochlamys [Rhombochlamydeae] SV00
    |    |         Salpixantha [=Salpingantha, Salpinxantha] SV00
    |    |         Sclerochiton [incl. Butayea, Isacanthus, Pseudoblepharis] SV00
    |    |           `--S. ilicifolius SV00
    |    |         Strobilacanthus SV00
    |    |         Xantheranthemum SV00
    |    |--+--Stenandrium [incl. Stenandriopsis; Stenandriopsideae] SV00
    |    |  `--Aphelandra (see below for synonymy) SV00
    |    |       |  i. s.: A. scabra SV00
    |    |       |         A. sinclairiana F11
    |    |       |--A. boyacensis SV00
    |    |       |--A. dolichantha SV00
    |    |       `--+--A. campanensis SV00
    |    |          `--A. leonardii SV00
    |    `--+--Crossandra [incl. Harrachia, Pleuroblepharis, Polythrix] SV00
    |       |    |--C. infundibuliformis SV00
    |       |    |--C. nilotica SV00
    |       |    `--C. pungens SV00
    |       `--Acanthus [incl. Cheilopsis] SV00
    |            |--A. ilicifolius BR65
    |            |--A. mollis C55
    |            |--A. montanus SV00
    |            `--A. spinosus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
    `--Ruellieae [Hygrophileae, Petalideae, Ruellioideae, Strobilantheae] K08
         |--+--Andrographinae SV00
         |  `--Barleriinae [Barlerieae, Lepidagathideae] K08
         |       |--Barleria SV00
         |       |--Lepidagathis K08
         |       |--Barleriola solanifolia K08, SV00
         |       |--Borneacanthus K08
         |       |--Chroesthes lanceolata K08, SV00
         |       |--Hulemacanthus novoguineensis K08, SV00
         |       |--Boutonia K08 [incl. Periblema SV00]
         |       |    `--B. cuspidata SV00
         |       `--Crabbea K08
         |            |--C. reticulata SV00
         |            `--C. velutina SV00
         `--+--Justiciinae SV00
            `--Ruelliinae [Hygrophilinae, Petalidiinae, Strobilanthinae, Trichanthereae] SV00
                 |--Ruellia SV00
                 |--Spirostigma SV00
                 |--Dischistocalyx hirsutus SV00
                 |--Apassalus SV00
                 |--Benoicanthus SV00
                 |--Trichanthera gigantea SV00, DP72
                 |--Suessenguthia SV00
                 |--Trichosanchezia SV00
                 |--Calacanthus dalzelliana [incl. Lepidagathis grandiflora] SV00
                 |--Strobilanthes SV00
                 |--Clarkeasia SV00
                 |--Duosperma [incl. Disperma] SV00
                 |--Petalidium CV06
                 |--Mimulopsis solmsii SV00, DVC08
                 |--Sautiera SV00
                 |--Strobilanthopsis [incl. Pseudacanthopale] SV00
                 |--Heteradelphia SV00
                 |--Echinacanthus SV00
                 |--Eusiphon SV00
                 |--Ionacanthus SV00
                 |--Kosmosiphon SV00
                 |--Leptosiphonium SV00
                 |--Lychniothyrsus SV00
                 |--Pararuellia SV00
                 |--Polylychnis SV00
                 |--Pseudoruellia SV00
                 |--Ruelliopsis SV00
                 |--Stenothyrsus SV00
                 |--Zygoruellia SV00
                 |--Carvia callosa SV00, VD03b
                 |--Sericocalyx crispus (Linnaeus) Bremekamp 1944 SV00, VD03a [=Ruellia crispa Linnaeus 1753 VD03a]
                 |--Satanocrater [incl. Haemacanthus] SV00
                 |    `--S. paradoxa E09
                 |--Blechum [Blechinae] SV00
                 |    `--B. pyramidatum SV00
                 |--Bravaisia [incl. Androcentrum, Onychacanthus] SV00
                 |    `--B. berlandieriana SV00
                 |--Brillantaisia [incl. Belantheria, Leucoraphis, Ruelliola] SV00
                 |    `--B. lamium SV00
                 |--Dyschoriste [incl. Calophanes, Chaetacanthus] SV00
                 |    `--D. vagans SV00
                 |--Eremomastax [incl. Paulowilhelmia] SV00
                 |    `--E. polysperma SV00
                 |--Mellera [incl. Onus] SV00
                 |    `--M. lobulata SV00
                 |--Phaulopsis [=Phaylopsis; incl. Micranthus] SV00
                 |    `--P. imbricata SV00
                 |--Epiclastopelma [incl. Sooia] SV00
                 |    `--E. macranthum SV00
                 |--Louteridium [incl. Neolindenia; Louterideae] SV00
                 |    `--L. donnell-smithii SV00
                 |--Physacanthus [incl. Haselhoffia; Haselhoffieae] SV00
                 |    `--P. batanganus SV00
                 |--Sanchezia [incl. Steirosanchezia] SV00
                 |    |--S. nobilis SV00
                 |    `--S. speciosa SV00
                 |--Brunoniella SV00
                 |    |--B. acaulis LK14
                 |    `--B. australis LK14
                 |--Cardanthera SV00
                 |    |--C. difformis P03
                 |    `--C. triflora VD03a
                 |--Eranthemum [incl. Daedalacanthus] SV00
                 |    |--E. nervosum SV00
                 |    |--E. pulchellum SV00
                 |    `--E. purpurascens P03
                 |--Acanthopale SV00
                 |    |--A. aethio-germanica Ensermu 2009 E09
                 |    |--A. confertiflora SV00
                 |    |--A. laxiflora E09
                 |    `--A. pubescens E09
                 |--Hygrophila (see below for synonymy) SV00
                 |    |--H. angustifolia LK14
                 |    |--H. auriculata SV00
                 |    |--H. corymbosa SV00
                 |    |--H. gracillima CV06
                 |    `--H. schulli VB02
                 |--Hemigraphis [incl. Gantelbua] SV00
                 |    |--H. alternata B00
                 |    |--H. colorata SV00
                 |    |--H. dura VD03a
                 |    |--H. hirta VD03a
                 |    |--H. latebrosa VD03a
                 |    `--H. venosa Clarke 1884 [=Ruellia venosa Heyne ms] VD03a
                 `--Stenosiphonium SV00
                      |--S. confertum VA06
                      |--S. cordifolium (see below for synonymy) VA06
                      |--S. parviflorum VA06
                      |--S. russellianum VA06
                      |--S. setosum VA06
                      `--S. wightii Bremekamp 1944 VA06

Acanthoideae incertae sedis:
  Acanthostelma SV00
  Acanthura SV00
  Aphelandrella SV00
  Camarotea SV00
  Chlamydacanthus [incl. Theileamea] SV00
    `--C. euphorbioides SV00
  Dolichostachys SV00
  Golaea SV00
  Kudoacanthus SV00
  Lankesteria SV00
    |--L. barteri SV00
    `--L. elegans SV00
  Lasiocladus [incl. Synchoriste] SV00
  Leandriella SV00
  Morsacanthus SV00
  Neuracanthus [incl. Leucobarleria] SV00
  Perenideboles SV00
  Pericalypta SV00
  Sphacanthus SV00
  Vavara SV00
  Vindasia SV00
  Whitfieldia [incl. Leiophaca, Pounguia, Stylarthropus; Whitfieldieae] SV00
    |--W. elongata SV00
    |--W. lateritia SV00
    `--W. preussii SV00

Aphelandra [incl. Amathea, Hemisandra, Hydromestus, Lagochilium, Lepidacanthus, Odontophyllum, Sreemadhavana, Strobilorhachis, Synandra; Aphelandreae] SV00

Hygrophila [incl. Asteracantha, Hemiadelphis, Kita, Nomaphila, Plaesianthera, Santapaua, Synnema] SV00

Stenosiphonium cordifolium [incl. S. cordifolium var. subsericeum, S. russellianum var. subsericeum] VA06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DVC08] Darbyshire, I., K. Vollesen & H. M. Chapman. 2008. A remarkable range disjunction recorded in Metarungia pubinervia (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 613–615.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[HK98] Hahn, A., & H. Kusserow. 1998. Spatial and temporal distribution of algae in soil crusts in the Sahel of W Africa: Preliminary results. Willdenowia 28: 227–238.

[K08] Kameyama, C. 2008. New species, nomenclatural changes and lectotypifications in Neotropical Lepidagathis Willd. (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 565–581.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[SV00] Scotland, R. W., & K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 55 (3): 513–589.

[VA06] Venu, P., & W. D. Albertson. 2006. The identity of Stenosiphonium wrightii Bremek. (Acanthaceae). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 211–216.

[VD03a] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003a. Is Hemigraphis venosa C.B. Clarke (Acanthaceae) extinct? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 91–96.

[VD03b] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003b. What is Kanjarum palghatense Ramam. (Acanthaceae)? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 97–104.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.