Belongs within: Acanthaceae.
Contains: Andrographinae, Barleria, Lepidagathis, Justiciinae, Ruellia, Strobilanthes, Petalidium.
The Acanthoideae are a subgroup of the flowering plant family Acanthaceae characterised by fruits that are explosive capsules, with seeds bearing a small, hooked stalk (retinaculum) that ejects them from the capsule (Scotland & Volleson 2000).
<==Acanthoideae [Imbricatae] K08
|--Acantheae SV00
| | i. s.: Acanthopsis hoffmannseggiana SV00
| | Achyrocalyx SV00
| | Blepharis [incl. Acanthodium, Blepharacanthus, Trichacanthus] SV00
| | |--B. ferox CV06
| | |--B. fleckii CV06
| | |--B. gigantea CV06
| | |--B. linariaefolia PP07
| | |--B. maderaspatensis HK98
| | |--B. meyeri CV06
| | |--B. pruinosa CV06
| | `--B. spinifex CV06
| | Crossandrella SV00
| | Cynarospermum SV00
| | Cyphacanthus SV00
| | Encephalosphaera SV00
| | Geissomeria SV00
| | Holographis [incl. Berginia, Lundellia, Pringleophytum] SV00
| | Neriacanthus [incl. Aphanandrium] SV00
| | Orophochilus SV00
| | Rhombochlamys [Rhombochlamydeae] SV00
| | Salpixantha [=Salpingantha, Salpinxantha] SV00
| | Sclerochiton [incl. Butayea, Isacanthus, Pseudoblepharis] SV00
| | `--S. ilicifolius SV00
| | Strobilacanthus SV00
| | Xantheranthemum SV00
| |--+--Stenandrium [incl. Stenandriopsis; Stenandriopsideae] SV00
| | `--Aphelandra (see below for synonymy) SV00
| | | i. s.: A. scabra SV00
| | | A. sinclairiana F11
| | |--A. boyacensis SV00
| | |--A. dolichantha SV00
| | `--+--A. campanensis SV00
| | `--A. leonardii SV00
| `--+--Crossandra [incl. Harrachia, Pleuroblepharis, Polythrix] SV00
| | |--C. infundibuliformis SV00
| | |--C. nilotica SV00
| | `--C. pungens SV00
| `--Acanthus [incl. Cheilopsis] SV00
| |--A. ilicifolius BR65
| |--A. mollis C55
| |--A. montanus SV00
| `--A. spinosus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
`--Ruellieae [Hygrophileae, Petalideae, Ruellioideae, Strobilantheae] K08
|--+--Andrographinae SV00
| `--Barleriinae [Barlerieae, Lepidagathideae] K08
| |--Barleria SV00
| |--Lepidagathis K08
| |--Barleriola solanifolia K08, SV00
| |--Borneacanthus K08
| |--Chroesthes lanceolata K08, SV00
| |--Hulemacanthus novoguineensis K08, SV00
| |--Boutonia K08 [incl. Periblema SV00]
| | `--B. cuspidata SV00
| `--Crabbea K08
| |--C. reticulata SV00
| `--C. velutina SV00
`--+--Justiciinae SV00
`--Ruelliinae [Hygrophilinae, Petalidiinae, Strobilanthinae, Trichanthereae] SV00
|--Ruellia SV00
|--Spirostigma SV00
|--Dischistocalyx hirsutus SV00
|--Apassalus SV00
|--Benoicanthus SV00
|--Trichanthera gigantea SV00, DP72
|--Suessenguthia SV00
|--Trichosanchezia SV00
|--Calacanthus dalzelliana [incl. Lepidagathis grandiflora] SV00
|--Strobilanthes SV00
|--Clarkeasia SV00
|--Duosperma [incl. Disperma] SV00
|--Petalidium CV06
|--Mimulopsis solmsii SV00, DVC08
|--Sautiera SV00
|--Strobilanthopsis [incl. Pseudacanthopale] SV00
|--Heteradelphia SV00
|--Echinacanthus SV00
|--Eusiphon SV00
|--Ionacanthus SV00
|--Kosmosiphon SV00
|--Leptosiphonium SV00
|--Lychniothyrsus SV00
|--Pararuellia SV00
|--Polylychnis SV00
|--Pseudoruellia SV00
|--Ruelliopsis SV00
|--Stenothyrsus SV00
|--Zygoruellia SV00
|--Carvia callosa SV00, VD03b
|--Sericocalyx crispus (Linnaeus) Bremekamp 1944 SV00, VD03a [=Ruellia crispa Linnaeus 1753 VD03a]
|--Satanocrater [incl. Haemacanthus] SV00
| `--S. paradoxa E09
|--Blechum [Blechinae] SV00
| `--B. pyramidatum SV00
|--Bravaisia [incl. Androcentrum, Onychacanthus] SV00
| `--B. berlandieriana SV00
|--Brillantaisia [incl. Belantheria, Leucoraphis, Ruelliola] SV00
| `--B. lamium SV00
|--Dyschoriste [incl. Calophanes, Chaetacanthus] SV00
| `--D. vagans SV00
|--Eremomastax [incl. Paulowilhelmia] SV00
| `--E. polysperma SV00
|--Mellera [incl. Onus] SV00
| `--M. lobulata SV00
|--Phaulopsis [=Phaylopsis; incl. Micranthus] SV00
| `--P. imbricata SV00
|--Epiclastopelma [incl. Sooia] SV00
| `--E. macranthum SV00
|--Louteridium [incl. Neolindenia; Louterideae] SV00
| `--L. donnell-smithii SV00
|--Physacanthus [incl. Haselhoffia; Haselhoffieae] SV00
| `--P. batanganus SV00
|--Sanchezia [incl. Steirosanchezia] SV00
| |--S. nobilis SV00
| `--S. speciosa SV00
|--Brunoniella SV00
| |--B. acaulis LK14
| `--B. australis LK14
|--Cardanthera SV00
| |--C. difformis P03
| `--C. triflora VD03a
|--Eranthemum [incl. Daedalacanthus] SV00
| |--E. nervosum SV00
| |--E. pulchellum SV00
| `--E. purpurascens P03
|--Acanthopale SV00
| |--A. aethio-germanica Ensermu 2009 E09
| |--A. confertiflora SV00
| |--A. laxiflora E09
| `--A. pubescens E09
|--Hygrophila (see below for synonymy) SV00
| |--H. angustifolia LK14
| |--H. auriculata SV00
| |--H. corymbosa SV00
| |--H. gracillima CV06
| `--H. schulli VB02
|--Hemigraphis [incl. Gantelbua] SV00
| |--H. alternata B00
| |--H. colorata SV00
| |--H. dura VD03a
| |--H. hirta VD03a
| |--H. latebrosa VD03a
| `--H. venosa Clarke 1884 [=Ruellia venosa Heyne ms] VD03a
`--Stenosiphonium SV00
|--S. confertum VA06
|--S. cordifolium (see below for synonymy) VA06
|--S. parviflorum VA06
|--S. russellianum VA06
|--S. setosum VA06
`--S. wightii Bremekamp 1944 VA06
Acanthoideae incertae sedis:
Acanthostelma SV00
Acanthura SV00
Aphelandrella SV00
Camarotea SV00
Chlamydacanthus [incl. Theileamea] SV00
`--C. euphorbioides SV00
Dolichostachys SV00
Golaea SV00
Kudoacanthus SV00
Lankesteria SV00
|--L. barteri SV00
`--L. elegans SV00
Lasiocladus [incl. Synchoriste] SV00
Leandriella SV00
Morsacanthus SV00
Neuracanthus [incl. Leucobarleria] SV00
Perenideboles SV00
Pericalypta SV00
Sphacanthus SV00
Vavara SV00
Vindasia SV00
Whitfieldia [incl. Leiophaca, Pounguia, Stylarthropus; Whitfieldieae] SV00
|--W. elongata SV00
|--W. lateritia SV00
`--W. preussii SV00
Aphelandra [incl. Amathea, Hemisandra, Hydromestus, Lagochilium, Lepidacanthus, Odontophyllum, Sreemadhavana, Strobilorhachis, Synandra; Aphelandreae] SV00
Hygrophila [incl. Asteracantha, Hemiadelphis, Kita, Nomaphila, Plaesianthera, Santapaua, Synnema] SV00
Stenosiphonium cordifolium [incl. S. cordifolium var. subsericeum, S. russellianum var. subsericeum] VA06
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.
[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).
[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.
[DVC08] Darbyshire, I., K. Vollesen & H. M. Chapman. 2008. A remarkable range disjunction recorded in Metarungia pubinervia (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 613–615.
[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.
[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.
[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[HK98] Hahn, A., & H. Kusserow. 1998. Spatial and temporal distribution of algae in soil crusts in the Sahel of W Africa: Preliminary results. Willdenowia 28: 227–238.
[K08] Kameyama, C. 2008. New species, nomenclatural changes and lectotypifications in Neotropical Lepidagathis Willd. (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 565–581.
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.
[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.
[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.
[SV00] Scotland, R. W., & K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 55 (3): 513–589.
[VA06] Venu, P., & W. D. Albertson. 2006. The identity of Stenosiphonium wrightii Bremek. (Acanthaceae). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 211–216.
[VD03a] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003a. Is Hemigraphis venosa C.B. Clarke (Acanthaceae) extinct? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 91–96.
[VD03b] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003b. What is Kanjarum palghatense Ramam. (Acanthaceae)? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 97–104.
[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.
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