Belongs within: Atelostomata.
The Holasteroida are a diverse group of mostly deep-water irregular echinoids known from the Lower Jurassic to the present. They exhibit a wide variety of forms; the primarily bathyal Pourtalesiidae are among the most unusual of all echinoids, with a more or less elongate, bottle-shaped test (Wagner & Durham 1966).
Characters (from Wagner & Durham 1966): Apical system typically elongate or disjunct, no genital 5; plastron feebly differentiated or meridosternous; petals not always differentiated, paired petals typically not impressed; no floscelle; apical system and peristome may be opposite to one another; fascioles variable.
<==Holasteroida
|--Calymne Thomson 1877 [Calymnidae] WD66
| `--*C. relicta Thomson 1877 WD66
|--Stenonaster Lambert 1922 [=Stenocorys Lambert & Thiéry 1917, Stenonia Desor 1858 non Gray 1853] WD66
| `--*S. tuberculata (Defrance 1816) (see below for synonymy) WD66
|--Somaliasteridae WD66
| |--Somaliaster Hawkins 1935 WD66
| | `--*S. magniventer Hawkins 1935 WD66
| |--Brightonia Kier 1957 WD66
| | `--*B. macfadyeni Kier 1957 WD66
| |--Iraniaster Cotteau & Gauthier in Morgan 1895 WD66
| | `--*I. morgani Cotteau & Gauthier in Morgan 1895 WD66
| `--Leviechinus Kier 1957 WD66
| `--*L. gregoryi (Currie 1927) [=Pericosmus gregoryi] WD66
|--Urechinidae WD66
| |--Chelonechinus Bather 1934 WD66
| | `--*C. suvae Bather 1934 WD66
| |--Pilematechinus Agassiz 1904 WD66
| | `--*P. rathbuni (Agassiz 1898) [=Cystechinus rathbuni] WD66
| |--Plexechinus Agassiz 1896 WD66
| | `--*P. cinctus Agassiz 1896 WD66
| |--Sanchezaster Lambert in Sánchez Roig 1924 WD66
| | `--*S. habanensis Lambert in Sánchez Roig 1924 WD66
| |--Sternopatagus de Maijere 1902 WD66
| | `--*S. sibogae de Meijere 1902 WD66
| `--Urechinus Agassiz 1879 [incl. Cystechinus Agassiz 1879] WD66
| |--*U. naresianus Agassiz 1879 WD66
| `--‘*Cystechinus’ wyvillei Agassiz 1879 WD66
|--Pourtalesiidae WD66
| |--Ceratophysa Pomel 1883 [=Rodocystis Lambert & Thiéry 1924] WD66
| | `--*C. ceratopyga (Agassiz 1879) [=*Rodocystis ceratopyga] WD66
| |--Cystocrepis Mortensen 1907 WD66
| | `--*C. setigera (Agassiz 1898) [=Echinocrepis setigera] WD66
| |--Echinocrepis Agassiz 1879 WD66
| | `--*E. cuneata Agassiz 1879 WD66
| |--Echinosigra Mortensen 1907 WD66
| | `--*E. phiale (Thomson 1873) [=Pourtalesia phiale] WD66
| |--Helgocystis Mortensen 1907 WD66
| | `--*H. carinata (Agassiz 1879) [=Pourtalesia carinata] WD66
| |--Spatagocystis Agassiz 1879
| | `--*S. challengeri Agassiz 1879 WD66
| `--Pourtalesia Agassiz 1869 [incl. Phyale Pomel 1883 non Koch 1847, Phyalopsis Pomel 1883] WD66
| |--*P. miranda Agassiz 1869 WD66
| |--P. jeffreysi Thomson 1873 [=*Phyale jeffreysi] WD66
| `--P. laguncula Agassiz 1879 [=*Phyalopsis laguncula] WD66
|--Collyritidae WD66
| |--Cardiopelta Pomel 1883 WD66
| | `--*C. trigonalis (Desor in Desor & de Loriol 1872) [=Collyrites trigonalis] WD66
| |--Cyclolampas Pomel 1883 WD66
| | `--*C. voltzii (Agassiz 1839) [=Disaster voltzii] WD66
| |--Grasia Michelin 1854 WD66
| | `--*G. elongata (Gras 1852) [=Hyboclypus elongata] WD66
| |--Orbignyana Ebray 1860 [=Spatoclypus Pomel 1883] WD66
| | `--*O. ebrayi (Cotteau 1873) [=Collyrites ebrayi, *Spatoclypus ebrayi] WD66
| |--Proholaster Gauthier 1896 WD66
| | `--*P. auberti Gauthier 1896 WD66
| |--Pygomalus Pomel 1883 WD66
| | `--*P. ovalis (Leske 1778) [=Spatangites ovalis] WD66
| |--Pygorhytis Pomel 1883 WD66
| | `--*P. ringens (Agassiz 1836) [=Disaster ringens] WD66
| `--Collyrites Desmoulins 1835 WD66
| |--*C. elliptica (Lamarck 1816) [=Ananchytes elliptica] WD66
| |--C. bicordata [=Cardiopelta bicordata; incl. Co. bicordata var. baltica Beurlen 1934] B01
| `--C. dorsalis F66
|--Disasteridae WD66
| |--Disaster Agassiz 1836 [=Dysaster Agassiz 1839] WD66
| | `--*D. granulosus (Goldfuss 1826) [=Nucleolites granulosus, *Dysaster granulosus] WD66
| |--Acrolusia Lambert 1920 WD66
| | `--*A. gauthieri Lambert 1920 WD66
| |--Cardiolampas Pomel 1883 WD66
| | `--*C. friburgensis (Ooster 1865) [=Collyrites friburgensis] WD66
| |--Corthya Pomel 1883 WD66
| | `--*C. hemisphaerica (Gras 1848) [=Disaster hemisphaericus] WD66
| |--Dialyaster Pomel 1883 WD66
| | `--*D. gueymardi (Gras 1848) [=Metaporinus gueymardi] WD66
| |--Oustechinus Lambert 1931 WD66
| | `--*O. bassae Lambert 1931 WD66
| |--Tithonia Pomel 1883 WD66
| | `--*T. convexus (Catullo 1827) [=Nucleolites convexus] WD66
| |--Collyropsis Gauthier 1896 [incl. Procollyropsis Beurlen 1934] WD66
| | |--*C. carinatus (Leske 1778) [=Spatangites carinatus] WD66
| | `--‘Disaster’ platypygus Quenstedt 1874 [=*Procollyropsis platypygus] WD66
| `--Metaporinus Agassiz 1844 (see below for synonymy) WD66
| |--*M. michelini Agassiz 1844 WD66
| `--‘Collyrites’ censoriensis Cotteau 1849-1856 [=*Perioxus censoriensis] WD66
`--Holasteridae WD66
|--Aurelianaster Lambert & Thiéry 1925 (see below for synonymy) WD66
| `--*A. valettei (Lambert in Vallette 1913) [=*Leiocorys valettei, *Vallettaster valettei] WD66
|--Basseaster Lambert 1936 WD66
| `--*B. rostratus Lambert 1936 WD66
|--Cardiaster Forbes 1850 WD66
| `--C. granulosus (Goldfuss 1826) (see below for synonymy) WD66
|--Cardiotaxis Lambert 1917 WD66
| `--*C. peroni (Lambert 1887) [=Cardiaster peroni] WD66
|--Cibaster Pomel 1883 WD66
| `--*C. bourgeoisanus d’Orbigny 1853) [=Cardiaster bourgeoisanus] WD66
|--Duncaniaster Lambert 1896 WD66
| `--*D. australiae (Duncan 1887) [=Holaster australiae] WD66
|--Entomaster Gauthier 1888 WD66
| `--*E. rousseli Gautheir 1888 WD66
|--Galeaster Seunes 1889 WD66
| `--*G. bertrandi Seunes 1889 WD66
|--Ganbirretia Gauthier 1903 WD66
| `--*G. douvillei Gauthier 1903 WD66
|--Garumnaster Lambert 1907 WD66
| `--*G. michaleti Lambert 1907 WD66
|--Guettaria Gauthier 1888 WD66
| `--*G. angladei Gauthier 1888 WD66
|--Hagenowia Duncan 1889 [=Hagenovia (l. c.), Martinosigra Nielson 1942] WD66
| `--*H. rostrata (Forbes 1889) [=Cardiaster rostratus, *Martinosigra rostrata] WD66
|--Hemipneustes Agassiz 1836 WD66
| `--H. striatoradiatus (Leske 1778) (see below for synonymy) WD66
|--Infulaster Desor 1858 WD66
| `--I. excentricus (Woodward 1833) (see below for synonymy) WD66
|--Ismidaster Boehm 1927 WD66
| `--*I. toulai Boehm 1927 WD66
|--Jeronia Seunes 1888 WD66
| `--*J. pyrenaica Seunes 1888 WD66
|--Labrotaxis Casey 1960 WD66
| `--*L. cantianus (Casey 1960) [=Holaster (*Labrotaxis) cantianus] WD66
|--Lampadaster Cotteau 1889 WD66
| `--*L. gradidieri Cotteau 1889 WD66
|--Lampadocorys Pomel 1883 WD66
| `--*L. sulcatus (Cotteau 1873) [=Holaster sulcatus] WD66
|--Messaoudia Lambert 1917 WD66
| `--*M. pyriformis (Peron & Gauthier 1878) [=Holaster pyriformis] WD66
|--Offaster Desor 1858 WD66
| `--*O. pilula (Lamarck 1816) [=Ananchytes pilula] WD66
|--Opisopneustes Gauthier 1889 WD66
| `--*O. cossoni Gauthier 1889 WD66
|--Paronaster Airaghi 1906 WD66
| `--*P. cupuliformis Airaghi 1906 WD66
|--Pseudholaster Pomel 1883 WD66
| `--*P. bicarinatus (Agassiz 1847) [=Holaster bicarinatus] WD66
|--Pseudoffaster Lambert 1924 WD66
| `--*P. caucasicus (Dru 1884) [=Holaster caucasicus] WD66
|--Rispolia Lambert 1917 WD66
| `--*R. subtrigonata (Catullo 1827) [=Nucleolites subtrigonatus] WD66
|--Scagliaster Munier-Chalmas 1891 WD66
| `--*S. concavus (Catullo 1827) [=Ananchytes concavus] WD66
|--Stereopneustes de Meijere 1902 WD66
| `--*S. relictus de Meijere 1902 WD66
|--Taphraster Pomel 1883 WD66
| `--*T. campicheanus [=Holaster campicheanus] WD66
|--Tholaster Seunes 1890 [=Gibbaster Seunes 1889 non Gauthier 1887] WD66
| `--*T. munieri (Seunes 1889) [=*Gibbaster munieri] WD66
|--Titanaster Szörényi 1929 WD66
| `--*T. labiostoma Szörényi 1929 WD66
|--Zumoffenia Fourtau 1912 WD66
| `--*Z. ludovici Fourtau 1912 WD66
|--Pseudananchys Pomel 1883 [incl. Craginaster Lambert 1903] WD66
| |--*P. algiris (Coquand 1862) [=Ananchytes algiris] WD66
| `--‘Holaster’ completa Cragin 1893 [=*Craginaster completa] WD66
|--Sternotaxis Lambert 1893 [incl. Plesiocorys Pomel 1883] WD66
| |--*S. planus (Mantell 1822) [=Spatangus planus] WD66
| `--‘Holaster’ placenta Agassiz in Agassiz & Desor 1847 [=*Plesiocorys placenta] WD66
|--Toxopatagus Pomel 1883 [incl. Heteropneustes Pomel 1883] WD66
| |--*T. italicus (Manzoni 1878) [=Hemipneustes italicus] WD66
| `--‘*Heteropneustes’ deletrei Pomel 1883 WD66
|--Stegaster Pomel 1883 [incl. Seunaster Lambert in Blayac 1912, Synochitis Lambert 1917] WD66
| |--*S. gillieroni (de Loriol 1873) [=Cardiaster gillieroni] WD66
| |--‘Holaster’ bouillei Cotteau in de Bouille 1873 [=*Seunaster bouillei] WD66
| `--S. cotteaui WD66
|--Holaster Agassiz 1836 [incl. Ananchothuria Fossa-Mancini 1919, Holasteropsis Elbert 1902] WD66
| |--*H. nodulosus (Goldfuss 1829) [=Spatangus nodulosus] WD66
| |--‘*Holasteropsis’ credneriana Elbert 1902 WD66
| |--H. planus K79
| |--H. subglobosus K79
| `--‘*Ananchothuria’ tesselata Fossa-Mancini 1919 WD66
`--Echinocorys Leske 1778 (see below for synonymy) WD66
|--*E. scutatus Leske 1778 (see below for synonymy) WD66
|--‘Anachytes’ corculum Goldfuss 1826 [=*Corculum corculum] WD66
|--‘*Oolaster’ mattseensis Laube 1869 WD66
|--‘*Ananchytes’ ovatus Lamarck 1816 WD66
`--‘*Galeola’ papillosa Quenstedt 1874 WD66
Holasteroida incertae sedis:
Coraster Cotteau 1886 WD66
`--*C. vilanovae Cotteau 1886 WD66
Corechinus Kongiel 1936 WD66
`--*C. pulaviensis Kongiel 1936 WD66
Habanaster Lambert in Sánchez Roig 1924 WD66
`--*H. sanchezi Lambert in Sánchez Roig 1924 WD66
Menuthiaster Lambert 1896 WD66
`--*M. cotteaui Lambert 1896 WD66
Nordenskjoeldaster Lambert 1910 WD66
`--*N. antarcticus Lambert 1910 WD66
Physaster Pomel 1883 [incl. Inflataster Anthula 1899] WD66
`--*P. inflatus (d’Orbigny 1854) [=Echinospatagus inflatus] WD66
Turanglaster Solovyev & Melikov 1963 WD66
`--*T. mazkii Solovyev & Melikov 1963 WD66
Aurelianaster Lambert & Thiéry 1925 [=Leiocorys Lambert in Vallette 1913, Vallettaster Lambert in Vallette 1924] WD66
Cardiaster granulosus (Goldfuss 1826) [=Spatangus granulosus; incl. S. cordiformis Woodward 1853, *Cardiaster cordiformis] WD66
Echinocorys Leske 1778 [=Echinocorytes Leske 1778, Galea Smith 1817 non Meuschen 1787, Spatagoides Bayle 1878; incl. Ananchites Lamarck 1801, Ananchytes Lamarck 1816, Corculum Goldfuss 1826, Galeola Quenstedt 1874, Oolaster Laube 1869] WD66
*Echinocorys scutatus Leske 1778 [=*Echinocorytes scutatus, *Galea scutata, *Spatagoides scutatus; incl. E. vulgaris Breynius 1732 (pre-Linnean)] WD66
Hemipneustes striatoradiatus (Leske 1778) [=Spatangus striatoradiatus; incl. S. radiatus Lamarck 1840, *Hemipneustes radiatus] WD66
Infulaster excentricus (Woodward 1833) [=Spatangus excentricus; incl. Cardiaster hagenowi d’Orbigny 1853, *Infulaster hagenowi] WD66
Metaporinus Agassiz 1844 [=Metaporhinus (l. c.); incl. Perioxus Pomel 1883, Thesaporhinus Ebray 1859 (n. n.), Thecaporinus (l. c.)] WD66
*Stenonaster tuberculata (Defrance 1816) [=Anachytes tuberculata, *Stenocorys tuberculata, *Stenonia tuberculata] WD66
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[B01] Boczarowski, A. 2001. Isolated sclerites of Devonian non-pelmatozoan echinoderms. Palaeontologia Polonica 59: 1–219.
[F66] Fischer, A. G. 1966. Spatangoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U543–U628. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[WD66] Wagner, C. D., & J. W. Durham. 1966. Holasteroids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U523–U543. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.
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