Belongs within: Ichneumonoidea.
Contains: Atrophini, Glyptini, Banchini, Euceros, Phygadeuontini, Hemigasterini, Cryptini, Scolobatini, Temelucha, Ophion, Enicospilus, Tersilochinae, Mesochorinae, Oxytorinae, Metopiinae, Labeninae, Brachycyrtinae, Campoplegini, Gravenhorstiini, Phytodietini, Orthocentrus, Pimplinae, Diplazontinae, Ichneumonini, Phaeogenini, Platylabini, Oedicephalini, Heresiarchini.
The Ichneumonidae, ichneumon wasps, are a diverse group of often large parasitoid wasps, often with a strongly exserted ovipositor in females. The majority of species attack larvae of holometabolous insects, though some species feed on spiders or their egg-sacs. Major subgroups of the Ichneumonidae include the Ichneumoninae, characterised by a relatively shortly projecting ovipositor (projecting by less than half the length of the hind tibia) protected by a rigid sheath (Gauld 1984). The Pimpliformes have a notch on the occiput, and T2 bears glymmae (lateral foveae) and a short and wide depression immediately near the anterior end.
Characters (from Gauld 1984): Hind wing with radio-medial crossvein arising from Rs distal to its junction with R1. Forewing with vein 2m-cu usually present; first discal cell and first submarginal cell conjoined, not separated by vein.
<==Ichneumonidae
|--+--+--Campopleginae [Porizontinae] G84
| | | | i. s.: Rhorus Förster 1868 HP-W05
| | | | Hypamblys Förster 1868 HP-W05
| | | | `--H. albopictus (Gravenhorst 1829) HP-W05
| | | | Bathyplectes G84
| | | | Rhimphoctona G84
| | | | Lathrostizus G84
| | | | Spudasticta G84
| | | |--Nonnini G84
| | | |--Helwigiini G84
| | | `--Campoplegini PK17
| | `--Anomaloninae [Anomalinae] G84
| | | i. s.: Pseudanomalon G84
| | |--Gravenhorstiini PK17
| | `--Anomalon Panzer 1804 (see below for synonymy) G84
| | |--‘Ophion’ foliator (see below for synonymy) G84
| | |--A. affine Lucas 1849 E12
| | |--‘*Microcremastus’ amseli G84
| | |--A. australense G84
| | |--‘*Ophiononeura’ flavomaculata G84
| | |--‘Nototrachis’ kozlovi [incl. *Pseudonototrachys pallidus] G84
| | |--A. morleyi G84
| | |--‘*Trachyopterus’ primus G84
| | `--‘*Stictophion’ rufipes [incl. *Erythrophion ferrugineus] G84
| `--Tryphoninae G84
| | i. s.: Cteniscus A71
| | Anisoctenion alacer A71
| | Erromenus Holmgren 1855 HP-W05
| | `--E. zonator MS01
| | Ctenochira Förster 1855 HP-W05
| | Eridolius Förster 1868 HP-W05
| | Polyblastus Hartig 1837 HP-W05
| | |--P. cothurnatus A71
| | |--P. elegans Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
| | `--P. pedalis GWB02
| |--Phytodietini PK17
| |--Sphinctus [Sphinctini] G84
| |--Idiogrammatini G84
| |--Ankylophon Gauld 1984 [Ankylophonini] G84
| | `--*A. obligatus Gauld 1984 G84
| |--Exenterus A71 [Exenterini G84]
| | |--E. abruptorius A71
| | |--E. adspersus A71
| | `--E. amictorius A71
| |--Tryphonini G84
| | |--Grypocentrus G84
| | `--Tryphon MS01
| | |--T. confinis MS01
| | |--T. consobrinus MS01
| | |--T. incestus A71
| | |--T. semirufus A71
| | |--T. trochanteratus MS01
| | `--T. vulgaris MS01
| `--Oedemopsini [Eclytini, Thymaridini] G84
| |--Debophanes Gauld 1984 G84
| | `--*D. areolatus Gauld 1984 G84
| |--Thymaris Foerster 1869 [=Thymarus Thomson 1883] G84
| | `--‘Mesoleptus’ tener [incl. *Thymaris pulchricornis] G84
| `--Oedemopsis Tschek 1869 (see below for synonymy) G84
| |--‘Tryphon’ scabriculus [=*Hybophanes scabriculus; incl. *Oedemopsis rogenhoferi] G84
| |--O. davisi [incl. Tryphon nasutus, *Campothreptus nasutus, *Zarhynchus nasutus] G84
| `--O. hobartensis G84
`--+--Pimpliformes GWB02
| | i. s.: Diacritus [Diacritinae, Diacritini] GWB02
| | Orthocentrinae [Plectiscini] GWB02
| | |--Orthocentrus G84
| | |--Stenomacrus G84
| | |--Neurateles Ratzeburg 1848 [=Neuratelus Foerster 1869] G84
| | | `--*N. papyraceus G84
| | `--Plectiscus Gravenhorst 1829 [=Brephoctonus Foerster 1869] G84
| | |--*P. impurator [=*Brephoctonus impurator] G84
| | `--P. subtilis MS01
| |--Pimplinae GWB02
| `--+--Diplazontinae GWB02
| |--Cylloceria G84 [incl. Asphragis G84; Cylloceriinae GWB02]
| | `--C. melancholica GWB02
| `--Acaenitinae GWB02
| | i. s.: Arotes G84
| | Phaenolobus GWB02
| |--Coleocentrus GWB02 [Coleocentrini G84]
| | `--C. rufus GWB02
| `--Acaenitini G84
| |--Acaenitus arator [=Ichneumon (Acaenitus) arator] G20
| `--Yezoceryx G84
| |--*Y. scutellaris G84
| `--Y. apicipennis G84
`--+--Buathra laborator PK17
`--Ichneumoninae NI11
| i. s.: Amblyteles A71
| |--A. culpatorius MS01
| |--A. glaucatorius MS01
| |--A. infractorius MS01
| `--A. subfuscus A71
| Barichneumon A71
|--Ichneumonini PK17
|--Phaeogenini G84
|--Platylabini NI11
|--Trogini G84
|--Ceratojoppini G84
|--Eurylabus [Eurylabini] G84
|--Heterischnus [Heterischnini] G84
|--Zimmeriini G84
|--Oedicephalini NI11
|--Heresiarchini NI11
|--Magwengiella Heinrich 1938 [Ctenocalini] G84
| `--*M. obtusa G84
|--Ischnojoppa Kriechbaumer 1898 G84 [incl. Bodargus Cameron 1902 G84; Ischnojoppini NI11]
| `--I. luteator (Fabricius 1798) NI11 (see below for synonymy)
|--Compsophorus NI11 [incl. Magrettia Cameron 1901 C01c; Compsophorini NI11]
| `--C. crassispina (Cameron 1901) NI11 (see below for synonymy)
|--Goedartiini NI11
| |--Goedartia alboguttata P93
| `--Maraces flavobalteata Cameron 1902 (see below for synonymy) NI11
|--Joppocryptini NI11
| |--Allonotus rufus Cameron 1907 NI11
| `--Eccoptosage NI11
| |--E. cincticornis (Cameron 1902) (see below for synonymy) NI11
| `--E. quadridentata (Cameron 1905) (see below for synonymy) NI11
|--Listrodromini NI11
| |--Neotypus G84
| |--Anisobas kankoensis (Uchida 1932) [=Amblyteles kankoensis, Validentia kankoensis] NI11
| `--Listrodromus Wesmael 1845 [incl. Sogna Cameron 1907] G84
| |--*L. nycthemerus [=Ichneumon nycthemerus] G84
| `--‘*Sogna’ crassipes G84
|--Protichneumonini G84
| |--Catadelphus arrogator G84, P93
| |--Yeppoona Gauld 1984 G84
| | `--*Y. grandis Gauld 1984 G84
| `--Protichneumon P93
| |--P. fusorius P93
| `--P. pisorius P93
`--Alomyini NI11
|--Alomya ovator G84, G20 [=Ichneumon (Alomya) ovator G20]
|--Megalomya G84
|--Lusiuxta floreni Diller 2006 NI11
|--Diadromus Wesmael 1845 NI11, G84 [incl. Thyraeella Holmgren 1890 G84]
| |--*D. troglodytes [=Ichneumon troglodytes] G84
| `--D. collaris (Gravenhorst 1829) NI11 [=Ishnus collaris NI11, *Thyraeella collaris G84]
`--Tycherus NI11
|--T. cacumencultor Diller 2006 NI11
`--T. sabahensis Diller 2006 NI11
Ichneumonidae incertae sedis:
Tanychora petiolata R02
Tanychorella R02
Rhyssella A71
|--R. approximator I92
`--R. curvipes A71
Oocenteter [Tryponini] M38
`--*O. tomostethae M38
Glabrodorsum stokesii H91
Sinicorussus luzhongensis GE05
Ariostonia Girault 1933 G33
`--*A. fusciapex Girault 1933 G33
Photocryptus apicalis BM76
Acroricnus BM76
Hoplocryptus BM76
Caenocryptus BM76
Lochetica BM76
Neorhachodes BM76 [Neorhacodinae G84]
`--N. enslini BM76
Erigorgus perspicillator MS01
Nepiesta nigra Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
Apilasta nigrifemur Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
Trachyderma scabra MS01
Promethes MS01
|--P. pulchellus MS01
`--P. sulcator MS01
Liopsis festivus MS01
Zootrephes MS01
|--Z. cingulatus MS01
`--Z. lateralis MS01
Aniarophron MS01
|--A. niger Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
|--A. nigricornis MS01
`--A. ornatus MS01
Phthorima rossica Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
Microcryptus MS01
|--M. basizonius MS01
`--M. xanthostigma Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
Acanthocryptus MS01
|--A. flagitator [incl. A. pumilio] MS01
`--A. quadrispinosus MS01
Gnathocryptus vagabundus MS01
Stenareus transfuga MS01
Spilocryptus MS01
Atractodes MS01
|--A. insignis MS01
`--A. proprius MS01
Exyston cinctellus MS01
Diaborus crassiceps Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
Mesoleptus MS01
|--M. flavovariegatus Lucas 1849 E12
|--M. melanocephalus MS01
`--M. (Zemiotes) vulnerator MS01
Cephaloglypta laricis W87
Alcima orbitalis P93
Amblyjoppa P93
|--A. fuscipennis P93
`--A. proteus P93
Callajoppa P93
|--C. cirrogaster P93
`--C. exaltatoria P93
Diphyus P93
|--D. longigena P93
|--D. monitorius P93
`--D. palliatorius P93
Lymantrichneumon disparis P93
Hybrizon [Paxylommatidae, Paxylommatinae] G84
Orthopelma N88 [Orthopelmatinae G84]
Stilbopinae G84
Agriotypus A71 [Agriotypidae, Agriotypinae G84]
`--A. agrotypus A71
Adelognathus Holmgren 1855 HP-W05 [Adelognathinae G84]
|--A. cubiceps Roman 1924 HP-W05
|--A. difformis Holmgren 1857 HP-W05
`--A. dorsalis GWB02
Collyria E12 [Collyriinae G84]
|--C. armata Lucas 1849 E12
|--C. coxator GWB02
`--C. erythrogaster Lucas 1849 E12
Lycorina Holmgren 1859 (see below for synonymy) G84
|--*L. triangulifera G84
|--‘Glypta’ acitula [=*Chlorolycorina acitula] G84
|--L. apicalis [=*Toxophoroides apicalis] G84
`--L. fici [=L. (*Gonioglyphus) fici] G84
Xoridinae GWB02
|--Ischnoceros rusticus GWB02
`--Xorides G84
| i. s.: X. corcyrensis (Kriechbaumer 1894) HAB05
|--X. (X.) reluctator (Linnaeus 1758) G20, L58 [=Ichneumon reluctator G20]
`--X. (Cyanoxorides Cameron 1903) [incl. Spiloxorides Cameron 1903] G84
|--X. (*C.) brookei G84
|--X. (C.) australiensis G84
|--X. (C.) crudelis G84
`--‘*Spiloxorides’ ruficeps G84
Phrudinae G84
|--Brachyscleroma G84
|--Earobia G84
|--Astrenis G84
`--Phrudus Foerster 1869 [incl. Ktenostilpnus Strobl 1901, Vendolius Roman 1914] G84
`--*P. monilicornis [incl. *Ktenostilpnus aequearticulatus, *Vendolius stilpnius] G84
Banchinae SNS07
|--Atrophini SNS07
|--Glyptini G84
`--Banchini G84
Euceros G84
Cryptinae (see below for synonymy) D02
| i. s.: Itamoplex A71
| Dotocryptus bellicosus [incl. D. macrocercus] A71
| Sphecophaga D02
| |--S. orientalis Donovan 2002 [=S. vesparum israelensis Harris & Read 1999 (n. n.)] D02
| `--S. vesparum D02
| |--S. v. vesparum D02
| `--S. v. burra D02
| Nemapodius G84
| Oecotelma G84
| Pleurogyrus G84
| Ethelurgus G84
| Rhembobius G84
| Aritranis fugitivus G84, P93
| Trychosis sibirica Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 G84, MS01
| Theroscopus hemipterus G84
|--Phygadeuontini G84
|--Hemigasterini G84
`--Cryptini G84
Ctenopelmatinae [Megaceriini, Scolobatinae] G84
| i. s.: Lathrolestes G84
| Opheltes G84
|--Scolobatini G84
|--Ctenopelma A71 [Ctenopelmatini G84]
|--Olethrodontini G84
|--Perilissus (Spanotectus) MS01 [Perilissini G84]
| |--P. (S.) filicornis MS01
| `--P. (S.) vernalis MS01
|--Pionini G84
| |--Hodostates G84
| `--Austropion Gauld 1984 G84
| `--*A. mandibularis Gauld 1984 G84
|--Mesoleius Holmgren 1855 HP-W05 [Mesoleiini G84]
| | i. s.: M. sternoxanthus (Gravenhorst 1829) HP-W05
| | M. tenthredinis G84
| `--M. (Scopesis) MS01
| |--M. (S.) bipunctatus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
| `--M. (S.) rufolabris MS01
`--Euryproctini G84
|--Hadrodactylus barbatus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 G84, MS01 (see below for synonymy)
|--Euryproctus G84
|--Denticeria Gauld 1984 G84
| `--*D. cardaleae Gauld 1984 G84
`--Megaceria Szépligeti 1908 G84
|--*M. opheltes G84
|--M. pagana G84
`--M. rufiventris G84
Cremastinae G84
|--Temelucha G84
|--Creagrura G84
|--Belesica G84
|--Gahus Gauld 1984 G84
| `--*G. siccus Gauld 1984 G84
|--Dimophora Foerster 1869 [=Dimophorus Thomson 1889; incl. Oligotmema Cushman 1920] G84
| |--*D. robusta G84
| `--‘*Oligotmema’ prima G84
|--Cremastus G84
| |--C. geminus MS01
| |--C. gracilipes B37
| |--C. guttifer MS01
| |--C. melanarius Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
| `--C. pungens MS01
|--Trathala Cameron 1899 (see below for synonymy) G84
| |--*T. striata G84
| |--T. agnina M83
| |--‘*Epicremastus’ concolor G84
| |--T. flavoorbitalis G84
| |--‘*Paurolexis’ flavus G84
| `--‘*Haristaeus’ nigrifrons G84
`--Pristomerus Curtis 1836 (see below for synonymy) G84
|--*P. vulnerator [=Ichneumon vulnerator] G84
|--‘*Pristocelus’ atriceps Szépligeti 1905 G84
|--P. atrifemur Girault 1925 G25b
|--P. austrinus [incl. Porizon agilis, *Pristomeridia agilis] G84
|--P. bicinctus G84
|--‘*Nesanomalon’ dimidiatum G84
|--P. giraulti G84 (see below for synonymy)
`--‘Ichneumon’ spinator [incl. Pristomerus appalachianus, *Neopristomerus appalachianus] G84
Ophioninae [Enicospilini, Ophionini] G84
|--Ophion G84
|--Enicospilus G84
|--Pamophion Gauld 1977 G84
| `--*P. sorus Gauld 1977 G84
|--Xylophion Gauld 1979 G84
| |--*X. xylus [=Ophion xylus] G84
| `--X. ketus G84
|--Riekophion Gauld 1977 G84
| |--*R. emandibulator [=Allocamptus emandibulator] G84
| |--R. bolus G84
| `--R. conspicuus G84
|--Stauropoctonus Brauns 1889 [=Stauropodoctonus Morley 1913; incl. Nipponophion Uchida 1928] G84
| |--*S. bombycivorus [=Ophion bombycivorus; incl. *Nipponophion variegatus] G84
| |--‘Nipponophion’ chopini Girault 1932 G32
| `--S. torresi G84
|--Dicamptus Szépligeti 1905 G84
| |--*D. giganteus G84
| |--D. collessi G84
| |--D. fuscicornis [incl. D. triangularis] G84
| |--D. indicus G84
| `--D. uptoni G84
`--Leptophion Cameron 1901 [incl. Coiloneura Szépligeti 1905, Spilophion Cameron 1905] G84
|--*L. longiventris [incl. L. chopini, *Coiloneura melanostigma] G84
|--L. anici G84
|--L. antennatus G84
|--L. iochus G84
|--‘*Spilophion’ maculipennis G84
|--L. tetus G84
|--L. unicalcaratus G84
`--L. yampus G84
Tersilochinae G84
Mesochorinae G84
Oxytorinae G84
Metopiinae G84
Zagryphus nasutus HR11
Lymeon orbus HR11
Labeninae G84
Liaoichneumon Hong 2002 H02
`--*L. asiatica Hong 2002 H02
Epiurus indagator B37
Phobetes albinopennis B37
Holojoppinae C01a
|--Microjoppa C01a
`--Gathetus Cameron 1901 C01a
`--*G. melanocerus Cameron 1901 C01a
Dimaetha Cameron 1901 [Hemijoppinae] C01a
`--*D. tibialis Cameron 1901 C01a
Facydes Cameron 1901 C01a
`--*F. purpureomaculatus Cameron 1901 C01a
Leptojoppa Cameron 1901 [Oxypygi] C01a
`--*L. eythrothorax Cameron 1901 C01a
Lagenesta Cameron 1901 C01b
`--*L. ferruginea Cameron 1901 C01b
Zanthojoppa Cameron 1901 C01b
`--*Z. trilineata Cameron 1901 C01b
Xestojoppa Cameron 1901 C01b
`--*X. olivacea Cameron 1901 C01b
Charitojoppa Cameron 1901 C01b
`--*C. caerulea Cameron 1901 C01b
Gyrodonta Cameron 1901 C01c
`--*G. flavomaculata Cameron 1901 C01c
Myermo Cameron 1901 C01d
`--*M. rufipes Cameron 1901 C01d
Perisemus fulvicollis R13
Brachycyrtinae GWB02
Catachora minor Townes 1973 P92
Eubaeus leiponeura Townes 1973 P92
Urotryphon pusilus Townes 1973 P92
Anomalon Panzer 1804 [=Anomalum Schulz 1906, incl. Erythrophion Cameron 1906, Microcremastus Hedwig 1961, Nototrychys Marshall 1872, Ophiononeura Cameron 1904, Pseudonototrachys Meyer 1930, Stictophion Cameron 1906, Trachynotus Gravenhorst 1829 non Latreille 1829, Trachyopterus Morley 1912; Anomalonini] G84
Compsophorus crassispina (Cameron 1901) NI11 [=*Magrettia crassispina C01c, NI11, Charitojoppa crassispina NI11, Xenojoppa crassispina NI11]
Cryptinae [Gelinae, Hemiteloidae, Pezomachoidae, Pezomachoides, Phygadeuonides, Phygadeuontinae, Phygadeuontoidae, Stilpnoidae] D02
Eccoptosage cincticornis (Cameron 1902) [=Anisobas cincticornis, Acanthojoppa cincticornis; incl. Ac. nigrinerva Cameron 1909, Eccoptosage minor Szepligeti 1910] NI11
Eccoptosage quadridentata (Cameron 1905) [=Druscia quadridentata, Druseia quadridentata Cameron 1905] NI11
Hadrodactylus barbatus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 G84, MS01 [=Mesoleptus (Hadrodactylus) barbatus MS01]
Ischnojoppa luteator (Fabricius 1798) NI11 [=Ichneumon luteator NI11, Is. luteatrix NI11, Is. luteolator (l. c.) NI11, Joppa luteator NI11, Ic. adspersor Thunberg 1822 NI11, J. lutea Fabricius 1804 NI11, Ic. lutea NI11, *Ischnojoppa lutea G84; incl. Ic. agraensis Cameron 1897 NI11, Exephanes akonis Matsumura 1912 NI11, Atanyjoppa akonis NI11, *Bodargus rufus Cameron 1902 G84, Joppa rufa Brulle 1846 NI11]
Lycorina Holmgren 1859 [incl. Chlorolycorina Cushman 1920, Gonioglyphus Seyrig 1932, Toxophoroides Cresson 1873; Lycorininae] G84
Maraces flavobalteata Cameron 1902 [=M. flavorbalteata, Eradha flavobalteata, M. flavobalteatus] NI11
Oedemopsis Tschek 1869 [=Oedematopsis Morley 1908; incl. Campothreptus Foerster 1869, Hybophanes Foerster 1869, Zarhynchus Ashmead 1900 non Oberholser 1899] G84
‘Ophion’ foliator [=*Nototrychys foliator, *Trachynotus foliator; incl. *Anomalon cruentatus] G84
Pristomerus Curtis 1836 [incl. Neopristomerus Viereck 1912, Nesanomalon Morley 1913, Pristocelus Szépligeti 1905, Pristomeridia Ashmead 1900] G84
Pristomerus giraulti G84 [incl. P. atriceps Girault 1925 non Pristocelus atriceps Szépligeti 1905 G84, G25a]
Trathala Cameron 1899 [incl. Epicremastus Szépligeti 1905, Haristaeus Cameron 1910, Paurolexis Cameron 1907] G84
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.
[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.
[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.
[C01a] Cameron, P. 1901a. Descriptions of seventeen new genera of Ichneumonidae from India and one from Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 275–284.
[C01b] Cameron, P. 1901b. Descriptions of seventeen new genera of Ichneumonidae from India and one from Australia (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 374–385.
[C01c] Cameron, P. 1901c. Descriptions of seventeen new genera of Ichneumonidae from India and one from Australia (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 480–487.
[C01d] Cameron, P. 1901d. Descriptions of seventeen new genera of Ichneumonidae from India and one from Australia (concluded). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 523–531.
[D02] Donovan, B. J. 2002. Description of Sphecophaga orientalis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae), a potential parasitoid of Vespula spp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 3–15.
[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.
[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).
[GWB02] Gauld, I. D., D. B. Wahl & G. R. Broad. 2002. The suprageneric groups of the Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): a cladistic re-evaluation and evolutionary biological study. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 421–485.
[G25a] Girault, A. A. 1925a. Indications (in new insects) of ruling power and laws in nature. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 184–186).
[G25b] Girault, A. A. 1925b. An essay on when a fly is lovable, the ceremony of baptizing some and unlovely hate. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 187–190).
[G32] Girault, A. A. 1932. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293–298).
[G33] Girault, A. A. 1933. Some beauties inhabitant not of commercial boudoirs but of Nature’s bosom, notably new insects. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 299–303).
[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[HP-W05] Heitland, W., & H. Pschorn-Walcher. 2005. Biology and parasitoids of the peculiar alder sawfly, Platycampus luridiventris (Fallen) (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 215–231.
[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.
[HAB05] Hesami, S., M. A. Akrami & H. Baur. 2005. Leucospis dorsigera Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Leucospidae) as a hyperparasitoid of Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) through Xoridinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Iran. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 66–68.
[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.
[H91] Howarth, F. G. 1991. Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 485–509.
[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.
[M38] McConnell, H. S. 1938. Additional notes on Oocenteter tomostethae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (1): 23–24.
[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.
[N88] Noonan, G. R. 1988. Biogeography of North American and Mexican insects, and a critique of vicariance biogeography. Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 366–384.
[NI11] Norhafiza, A. F., & A. B. Idris. 2011. A catalogue of Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 29–50.
[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.
[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.
[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.
[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Superorder Vespidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Hymenoptera Linné, 1758 (=Vespida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 242–254. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.
[SNS07] Sudheer, K., T. C. Narendran & A. Saji. 2007. Taxonomy of a new ichneumonid genus from the Middle East (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 185–188.
[W87] Wood, D. M. 1987. Tachinidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1193–1269. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.
Last updated: 18 July 2021.
No comments:
Post a Comment
Markup Key:
- <b>bold</b> = bold
- <i>italic</i> = italic
- <a href="http://www.fieldofscience.com/">FoS</a> = FoS