Petrosaviidae

Resurrection plant Borya constricta, copyright William Archer.

Belongs within: Monocotyledoneae.
Contains: Pandanales, Dioscoreales, Liliales, Commelinidae, Lomandraceae, Orchidaceae, Asteliaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Allium, Hyacinthaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Convallariaceae, Asparagus.

The Petrosaviidae are a clade of monocotyledons united by molecular phylogenies, defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the least inclusive clade containing Typha latifolia, Lilium regale and Petrosavia stellaris but not Acorus calamus or Gymnostachys anceps. Members of this clade have mostly been assigned in the past to the subclasses Liliidae and Commelinidae, with species of Liliidae often having showy trimerous flowers, but phylogenetic studies indicate that the 'Liliidae' is paraphyletic with regard to the Commelinidae. Possible synapomorphies for the Petrosaviidae are simple, amylophobic starch grains; leaf blades developing basipetally from hyperphyll/hypophyll junction; an epidermis with bulliform cells; anomocytic stomata; and the absence of colleters. Petrosaviids excluding the basal Petrosaviaceae may be united by the absence of a nucellar cap, and a nuclear endosperm (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website).

<==Petrosaviidae [Bromelianae, Haemodorales, Lilianae, Liliidae] CD07
    |--Petrosaviaceae [Petrosaviales, Petrosavianae] DS04
    |    |--Japonolirion osense DS04
    |    `--Petrosavia stellaris Becc. 1871 CD07
    `--+--+--Pandanales DS04
       |  `--Dioscoreales APG16
       `--Liliiflorae [Coronarieae] J87
            |--Liliales DS04
            `--+--Commelinidae DS04
               `--Asparagales [Amaryllideae, Orchidales] DS04
                    |  i. s.: Polygonatum BL04
                    |           |--P. cirrhifolium O88
                    |           |--P. hookeri O88
                    |           |--P. multiflorum HE80
                    |           |--P. × hybridum Bruegger von Churwalden 1886 [P. multiflorum × P. odoratum] HE80
                    |           |--P. odoratum HE80
                    |           |--P. singalilense O88
                    |           `--P. verticillatum O88
                    |         Maianthemum SaaRai07
                    |           |--M. bifolium C55
                    |           `--M. canadense M73
                    |         Lomandraceae DS04
                    |         Liliacidites RG07
                    |           |--L. intermedius RG07
                    |           |--L. kaitangataensis RG07
                    |           |--L. minutus RG07
                    |           `--L. pollucibilis RG07
                    |--Orchidaceae RG07
                    `--+--+--+--Blandfordia [Blandfordiaceae] DS04
                       |  |  |    |--B. grandiflora DS04
                       |  |  |    |--B. nobilis M87
                       |  |  |    `--B. punicea DS04
                       |  |  `--+--Asteliaceae RG07
                       |  |     `--+--Lanaria [Lanariaceae] RG07
                       |  |        `--Hypoxidaceae RG07
                       |  `--Boryaceae DS04
                       |       |--Alania endlicheri DS04
                       |       `--Borya DS04
                       |            |--B. constricta S95
                       |            |--B. jabirabela LK14
                       |            |--B. scirpoidea GK00
                       |            |--B. septentrionalis DS04
                       |            |--B. sphaerocephala DS04
                       |            `--B. subulata LK14
                       `--+--Cyanastrum SaaRai07
                          `--+--+--Doryanthes [Doryanthaceae] DS04
                             |  |    `--D. excelsa DS04
                             |  `--+--Tecophilaeaceae DS04
                             |     |    |--Tecophilaea cyanocrocus DS04
                             |     |    `--Eremolirion amboensis [=Cyanella amboensis] CV06
                             |     `--+--Iridaceae DS04
                             |        `--Ixiolirion [Ixioliriaceae, Ixiolirionaceae] DS04
                             |             `--I. tataricum DS04
                             `--+--Xeronema Brong. & Gris 1864 DS04, ME70 [Xeronemataceae]
                                |    |--X. callistemon Oliver 1926 ME70
                                |    |    |--X. c. var. callistemon ME70
                                |    |    `--X. c. var. bracteosa Moore 1969 ME70
                                |    `--X. moorei CR00
                                `--+--+--Hemerocallidaceae DS04
                                   |  `--Asphodelaceae CR00
                                   `--+--+--Agapanthus HE80 [Agapanthaceae CR00, Agapantheae]
                                      |  |    `--A. orientalis Leighton 1938 HE80
                                      |  `--+--Amaryllidaceae CR00
                                      |     `--Alliaceae [Allioideae]  CR00
                                      |          |--Allium HE80
                                      |          `--Nothoscordum inodorum (Aiton) Nicholson 1855 HE80
                                      `--+--+--Themidaceae CR00
                                         |  `--+--+--Aphyllanthaceae CR00
                                         |     |  `--Hyacinthaceae CR00
                                         |     `--+--Anemarrhenaceae CR00
                                         |        `--+--Agavaceae CR00
                                         |           `--+--Behniaceae CR00
                                         |              `--+--Herreriaceae CR00
                                         |                 `--Anthericaceae DS04
                                         `--+--Laxmannia [Laxmanniaceae CR00]
                                            |    |--L. grandiflora OS04
                                            |    |--L. minor GK00
                                            |    |--L. sessiliflora GK00
                                            |    `--L. squarrosa OS04
                                            `--+--Convallariaceae CR00
                                               `--Asparagaceae [Asparagineae] CR00
                                                    |--Asparagus HE80
                                                    `--Chlorophytum LK14
                                                         |--C. arundinaceum SanRav07
                                                         |--C. elatum MH98
                                                         |--C. laxum LK14
                                                         `--C. nimmonii SaaRai07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

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[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RG07] Ramírez, S. R., B. Gravendeel, R. B. Singer, C. R. Marshall & N. E. Pierce. 2007. Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448: 1042–1045.

[SaaRai07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

[SanRav07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 165–172.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.