Dreissenidae

Congeria subglobosa, copyright Naturhistorisches Museum Wien.

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

The Dreissenidae are a group of mussel-like bivalves found living in estuarine habitats.

Characters (from Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927): Shell mytiliform with anterior, nearly or quite terminal beaks, without a nacreous layer within. Small septum (myophore of anterior adductor) across beak cavity. Ligament immersed. Posterior adductor scar very long. Mantle margins concrescent, leaving only siphonal and small pedal openings. Byssiferous.

Dreissenidae [Dreissenacea, Dreissenoidea]
    |--Dreissenomya schroeckingeri TW07
    |--Sinucongeria TW07
    |--Mytilopsis Conrad 1857 [=Mytiloides (l. c.) non Brongniart 1822] PB27
    |    |--*M. leucophaeatus Conrad 1857 [=Dreissena leucophaeata, Mytiloides leucophaetus] PB27
    |    |--M. cira Pilsbry & Olsson 1935 G88
    |    |--M. sallei HJ08
    |    `--‘Dreissena’ scripta [=Mytiloides scriptus] PB27
    |--Dreissena Van Beneden 1835 PB27 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*D. polymorpha (Pallas 1771) PB27, M12 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--D. bugensis Andrusov 1897 SS97
    |    |--‘Dreissensia’ caspia Eichw. 1855 S01
    |    |--D. rostriformis KC11
    |    |--D. sallei [=Mytilus sallei] C64
    |    `--D. stankovici PC11
    `--Congeria Partsch 1836 BV86 [incl. Enocephalus v. Münster 1831 (n. n.) PB27, Praxis Adams & Adams 1857 PB27]
         |--*C. subglobosa Partsch 1836 PB27
         |--C. africana (Van Beneden 1835) [=Dreissena africana, *Praxis africana] PB27
         |--‘Mytilus’ cochleatus Kickx in Nyst 1835 PB27
         |--C. cyanea (Van Beneden 1837) [=Dreissena cyanea] PB27
         |--C. gibberosa (Preston 1909) [=Dreissensia gibberosa] PB27
         |--C. holmi (d’Ailly 1896) [=Dreissensia holmi] PB27
         |--C. kusceri Bole 1962 BV86
         |--C. lacustris (Morelet 1860) [=Dreissena lacustris, Dreissensia lacustris] PB27
         |--C. lunata Hedley 1902 H09
         `--C. ornata (Morelet 1885) [=Dreissensia ornata; incl. D. bananaensis Preston 1909] PB27

Nomina nuda: Enocephalus carditaeformis von Münster 1831 PB27
             Enocephalus mytiloides von Münster 1831 PB27

Dreissena Van Beneden 1835 PB27 [=Dreissensia PB27, Mytilina Cantraine 1837 non Bory de St Vincent 1826 PB27, Mytilomya Cantraine in Bronn 1838 PB27; incl. Tichogonia Rossmäsler 1835 G40]

*Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas 1771) PB27, M12 [=Mytilus polymorphus PB27, *Mytilina polymorpha PB27, *Mytilomya polymorpha PB27; incl. Mytilus arca G40, Mytilus chemnitzii G40, Tichogonia chemnitzii G40, Mytilus hagenii G40, Mytilus lineatus G40, Mytilus toreyi G40, Mytilus volgae G40, Mytilus volgensis G40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 177–208. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[KC11] Kocot, K. M., J. T. Cannon, C. Todt, M. R. Citarella, A. B. Kohn, A. Meyer, S. R. Santos, C. Schander, L. L. Moroz, B. Lieb & K. M. Halanych. 2011. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships. Nature 477: 452–456.

[M12] Morton, B. 2012. The biology and functional morphology of Nucula pusilla (Bivalvia: Protobranchia: Nuculidae) from Western Australia, Australia: primitive or miniature simplicity? Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 85–100.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[SS97] Schloesser, D. W., R. D. Smithee, G. D. Longton & W. P. Kovalak. 1997. Zebra mussel induced mortality of unionids in firm substrata of western Lake Erie and a habitat for survival. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 67–74.

[S01] Sturany, R. 1901. Csigák és kagylók [Mollusken]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 69–74. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

Neritidae

Neritoplica trochispira, from Bandel & Kiel (2003).

Belongs within: Neritoidea.
Contains: Nerita.

The Neritidae are marine gastropods characterised by a shell with dissolved inner whorls and radula with large, smooth, mineralised lateral teeth with a cutting and scraping edge (Bandel 2001).

Neritidae [Neritae, Neritinia]
    |--Velates Montfort 1810 [Velatinae] BR05
    |    |--V. schmiedelianus Chemnitz 1886 B01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--V. balkanicus Bontscheff 1897 B01
    |    |--V. californicus Vokes 1935 B01
    |    |--V. noetlingi Cossmann & Pisarro 1909 B01
    |    |--V. perversus (Gmelin 1791) KC60 [=Nerita perversa B01]
    |    `--V. vizcainoensis Cushing-Woods & Saul 1986 B01
    |--Smaragdiinae [Smaragdiidae, Smaragdinae] BR05
    |    |--Tanzaniella Lupu 1979 B01
    |    |    `--*T. souverbiana (Montrozier 1883) B01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Neodesmieria Magne & Vergneau-Saubade 1974 B01
    |    |    `--*N. sanctistephani (Cossmann & Peyrot 1917) [=Nerita sanctistephani] B01
    |    |--Magadis Melvill & Standen 1899 KC60
    |    |    `--*M. eumerintha Melvill & Standen 1899 KC60
    |    `--Smaragdia Issel 1869 BR05 [=Gaillardotia Bourguignat 1877 KC60]
    |         |  i. s.: ‘Neritina’ expansa Reuss 1856 B01
    |         |--*S. (Smaragdia) viridis (Linnaeus 1758) B01 [=Nerita viridis KC60, *Gaillardotia viridis KC60]
    |         |    |--S. v. viridis WE63
    |         |    `--S. v. viridemaris WE63
    |         |--S. (Smaragdella Baker 1923) KC60
    |         |    `--S. (*S.) hellvillensis (Crosse 1881) [=Neritina hellvillensis] KC60
    |         `--S. (Smaragdista Iredale 1936) KC60
    |              `--S. (*S.) tragena (Iredale 1936) [=*Smaragdista tragena] KC60
    `--Neritinae [Protoneritidae] BR05
         |--Nerita BR05
         |--Protonerita Kittl 1894 BR05
         |    `--*P. calcitica Kittl 1894 BR17 [=Neritaria calcitica TE01]
         |--Semineritina Cossmann 1925 [=Seminerita Wenz 1938] B01
         |    `--*S. mammaria (Lamarck 1804) B01 [=Nerita mammaria KC60]
         |--Bathynerita Clarke 1989 B01
         |    `--*B. naticoidea Clarke 1989 B01
         |--Cryptonerita Kittl 1894 [=Cryptonatica (l. c.) non Dall 1892] KC60
         |    `--*C. elliptica Kittle 1894 KC60
         |--Trochonerita Cossmann 1907 KC60
         |    `--*T. mammaeformis (d’Orbigny 1850) [=Nerita mammaeformis] KC60
         |--Tournouerella Munier-Chalmas 1887 [=Tournoueria Munier-Chalmas 1884 non Brusina 1870] KC60
         |    `--*T. matheroni (Munier-Chalmas 1884) [=*Tournoueria matheroni] KC60
         |--Trachynerita Kittl 1894 B01
         |    |--*T. fornoensis Kittl 1894 TE01
         |    |--T. depressa KC60
         |    `--T. quadrata (Stoppani 1858) [=Turbo quadrata] KC60
         |--Mesoneritina Yen 1946 B01
         |    |--*M. nebrascensis (Meek & Hayden 1862) B01 [=Neritella nebrascensis BK03]
         |    |--M. ajkaensis Bandel & Kiel 2003 BK03
         |    |--M. liasina G88
         |    |--M. morrisonensis G88
         |    `--M. subhercynica (Mertin 1939) BK03
         |--Neritoma Morris 1849 KC60
         |    |  i. s.: N. nuda B01
         |    |         N. woodfordi Allison 1955 B01
         |    |--*N. (Neritoma) sinuosa (Sowerby 1818) B01 [=Nerita sinuosa KC60]
         |    `--N. (Staffinia Anderson & Cox 1948) KC60
         |         `--N. (*S.) staffinensis (Forbes 1851) [=Neritina staffinensis] KC60
         |--Lyosoma White 1880 KC60, B01
         |    |--*L. powelli White 1876 B01
         |    |--‘Nerita’ costifera B01
         |    |--‘Nerita’ costulata Deshayes 1838 B01
         |    |--‘Nerita’ pseudocostata Orbigny 1849 B01
         |    `--‘Nerita’ subrugosa Hudleston 1894 B01
         |--Puperita Gray 1857 B01
         |    |--*P. pupa (Linné 1767) B01 [=Nerita pupa KC60, Neritina pupa B01]
         |    |--P. bensoni (Récluz 1850) B01
         |    |--P. japonica B01
         |    |--P. tristis (Orbigny 1842) B01
         |    `--P. vincta Usticke 1969 BC01
         `--Neritoplica Oppenheim 1892 KC60 [incl. Bajanerita Squires 1993 BK03]
              |--*N. uniplicata (Sowerby 1823) BK03 (see below for synonymy)
              |--N. dockeryi Bandel & Kiel 2003 BK03
              |--N. loganensis (Erickson 1974) [=Neritina loganensis] BK03
              |--N. matheroni Oppenheim 1895 BK03
              |--N. oppenheimi Bandel & Kiel 2003 BK03
              |--N. pisum (Meek 1873) BK03
              |--N. subornata (Orbigny 1850) B01
              `--N. trochispira Bandel & Kiel 2003 BK03

Neritidae incertae sedis:
  Agapilia Harzhauser & Kowalke 2001 GK02, B01
    `--*A. picta (Férussac 1825) [=Nerita picta, Neritina picta] B01
  Tomostoma Deshayes 1823 B01 [incl. Calana Gray 1847 KC60]
    |--*T. neritoides (Deshayes 1823) B01 [=Pileolus neritoides KC60]
    `--T. dudariensis (Strausz 1966) [=Pileolus (Tomostoma) dudariensis] B01
  Neritoptyx Oppenheim 1892 BK03
    |--*N. goldfussi (Keferstein 1829) [=Nerita goldfussi, Neritopsis goldfussi] BK03
    |--N. renauxiana (d’Orbigny 1842) BK03
    `--N. reticulirata (Dockery 1993) [=Nerita reticulirata] BK03
  Schwardtina Bandel & Riedel 1994 BK03
    `--*S. cretacea (Tausch 1886) [=Helix cretacea] B01

*Neritoplica uniplicata (Sowerby 1823) BK03 [=Neritina uniplicata BK03; incl. Nerita globosa Ferussac 1823 KC60, Neritina globulus Deshayes 1824 BK03, Neritoplica globulus B01]

*Tanzaniella souverbiana (Montrozier 1883) B01 [=Neritina souverbiana B01; incl. N. (Vitta) pulcherrima Angas 1871 PB27]

Velates schmiedelianus Chemnitz 1886 B01 [=Neritina schmiedeliana B01; incl. *V. conoideus Montfort 1810 BR17, N. conoidea B01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B01] Bandel, K. 2001. The history of Theodoxus and Neritina connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda). Mitteilungen des Geologisch-Paläontologischen Institutes der Universität Hamburg 85: 65–164.

[BK03] Bandel, K., & S. Kiel. 2003. Relationships of Cretaceous Neritimorpha (Gastropoda, Mollusca), with the description of seven new species. Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey 78 (1): 53–65.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1–47.

[WE63] Warmke, G. L., & D. S. Erdman. 1963. Records of marine mollusks eaten by bonefish in Puerto Rican waters. Nautilus 76 (4): 115–120.

Hydrobiinae

Laver spire shells Hydrobia ulvae, copyright G.-U. Tolkiehn.

Belongs within: Truncatelloidea.

The Hydrobiinae are a group of minute snails that are mostly found in brackish or marginal marine environments around the North Atlantic.

See also: The Hydrobiinae: North Atlantic mud-snails.

<==Hydrobiinae
    |--Pyrgorientalia Radoman 1973 [Pyrgorientaliinae] BR05
    |    `--*P. zilchi (Schütt 1964) [=Chilopyrgula zilchi] BR17
    |--Pseudocaspia Starobogatov 1972 [Pseudocaspiidae] BR05
    |    |--*P. issykkulensis (Clessin 1894) [=Caspia issykkulensis] BR17
    |    |--P. kainarensis Starobogatov 1972 BV86
    |    |--P. ljovuschkini Starobogatov 1972 BV86
    |    `--P. starostini Starobogatov 1972 BV86
    `--Hydrobia Hartmann 1821 BR05
         |--*H. acuta (Draparnaud 1805) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
         |--H. accrensis Connolly 1929 V07
         |--H. ameghini O05
         |--H. balatonica B91
         |--H. chopardiana (de Loriol 1865) [=Bithinia chopardiana] B91
         |--H. compacta C64
         |--H. gondwanica Cox 1953 TTE93
         |--H. parchappi O05
         |--H. stagnalis B91
         |--H. truncata DPS84
         |--H. ulvae (Pennant 1777) BM88 [incl. H. ulvae var. barleei N79]
         |--H. ventrosa [incl. Paludestrina stagnalis] B68
         `--H. zhichengensis NG13

*Hydrobia acuta (Draparnaud 1805) KC60 [=Cyclostoma acutum KC60, Bulimus (Elisma) acutus G40, Helix acuta PB27, Paludestrina acuta PB27; incl. Bulimus articulatus G40, Helix bifasciata G40, Elisma fasciata G40, Bulimus fasciatus G40, Lymnaea fasciata G40, Turbo fasciatus G40, Bulimus variabilis G40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B91] Bandel, K. 1991. Gastropods from brackish and fresh water of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition (a systematic reevaluation). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A 134: 9–55.

[B68] Bernard, F. R. 1968. Sexual dimorphism in Polinices lewisi (Naticidae). Nautilus 82 (1): 1–3.

[BM88] Bieler, R., & P. M. Mikkelsen. 1988. Anatomy and reproductive biology of two western Atlantic species of Vitrinellidae, with a case of protandrous hermaphroditism in the Rissoacea. Nautilus 102 (1): 1–29.

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 177–208. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DPS84] Davis, G. M., & M. C. Pons da Silva. 1984. Potamolithus: morphology, convergence, and relationships among hydrobioid snails. Malacologia 25 (1): 73–108.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60-64.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[O05] Outes, F. F. 1905. Sobre un instrumento paleolítico de Luján (Provincia de Buenos Aires). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 169–173.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[V07] Verdcourt, B. 2007. Miscellaneous notes on tropical African non-marine Mollusca. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 99: 189–197.

Acochlidimorpha

Unela remanei, from Arnaud et al. (1986). Length = 3 mm.

Belongs within: Heterobranchia.

The Acochlidimorpha are a group of small, mostly aquatic slugs that usually bear a large visceral hump projecting freely from the headfoot.

<==Acochlidimorpha (see below for synonymy)
    |--Acochlidioidea [Strubellioidea, Strubellioidei] BR17
    |    |--Pseudunela Salvini-Plawen 1973 [Pseudunelidae, Pseudunelloidea] BR05
    |    |    `--*P. cornuta (Challis 1970) [=Microhedyle cornuta] BR17
    |    |--Aiteng Swennen & Buatip 2009 [Aitengidae] BR17
    |    |    `--*A. ater Swennen & Buatip 2009 BR17
    |    |--Bathyhedyle Neusser, Jörger et al. 2016 [Bathyhedylidae] BR17
    |    |    `--*B. boucheti Neusser, Jörger et al. 2016 BR17
    |    |--Hedylopsis Thiele 1931 BR05 [Hedylopsidae BR17, Hedylopsinae]
    |    |    `--*H. spiculifera (Kowalewsky 1901) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Tantulum Rankin 1979 BR05 [Pharyngoneura, Tantulidae BR17, Tantuloidea]
    |    |    `--*T. elegans Rankin 1979 BR17
    |    `--Acochlidiidae BR17
    |         |--Acochlidium Strubell 1892 [Acochlidiinae] BR05
    |         |    `--*A. amboinense Strubell 1892 BR17
    |         |--Palliohedyle Rankin 1979 BR17, BR05 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |    `--*P. weberi (Bergh 1895) [=*Hedyle weberi] BR17
    |         `--Strubellia Odhner 1937 BR17, BR05 [Strubelliidae]
    |              `--*S. paradoxa (Strubell 1892) [=Acochlidium paradoxum] BR17
    `--Parhedyloidea BR17
         |--Asperspinidae BR17
         |    |--Minicheviella Starobogatov 1983 BR17, BR05 [Minicheviellidae, Minichevielloidea]
         |    |    `--*M. murmanica (Kudinskaja & Minichev 1978) [=Hedylopsis murmanica] BR17
         |    `--Asperspina Rankin 1979 BR05
         |         |--*A. brambelli (Swedmark 1968) [=Hedylopsis brambelli] BR17
         |         |--A. loricata (Swedmark 1968) APS-P86
         |         |--A. murmanica (Kudinskaja & Minichev 1978) APS-P86
         |         |--A. rhopalotecta (Salvini-Plawen 1973) APS-P86
         |         `--A. riseri (Morse 1976) APS-P86
         `--Parhedylidae [Avelariacea, Ganitidae, Ganitoidea, Microhedylidae, Microhedylinae, Velariacea] BR05
              |--Parhedyle Thiele 1931 [Parhedylinae] BR05
              |    `--*P. tyrtowii (Kowalewsky 1901) BR17 [=Hedyle tyrtowii BR17, Microhedyle tyrtowii APS-P86]
              |--Sabulincola Rankin 1979 [Sabulincolidae] BR05
              |    `--*S. odhneri (Marcus & Marcus 1955) [=Unela odhneri] BR17
              |--Ganitus Marcus 1953 BR17, BR05
              |    `--*G. evelinae Marcus 1953 BR17
              |--Paraganitus Challis 1968 APS-P86
              |    `--P. ellynnae Challis 1968 APS-P86
              |--Livorniella Rankin 1979 BR17, BR05 [Livorniellidae, Livornielloidea, Visceroneura]
              |    `--*L. glomerans (Salvini-Plawen 1973) [=Microhedyle glomerans] BR17
              |--Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov 1972 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
              |    |--*P. milaschewitchii (Kowalewsky 1901) [=Hedyle milaschewitchii, *Mancohedyle milaschewitchii] BR17
              |    |--P. brasilensis (Rankin 1979) APS-P86
              |    `--P. verrucosa (Challis 1970) APS-P86
              |--Microhedyle Hertling 1930 BR05
              |    |--*M. lactea Hertling 1930 BR17
              |    |--M. cryptophthalma Westheide & Wawra 1974 APS-P86
              |    |--M. gerlachi Marcus & Marcus 1959 APS-P86
              |    `--M. milaschewitchii M62
              `--Unela Marcus 1953 [Unelidae] BR05
                   |--*U. remanei Marcus 1953 BR17
                   |--U. glandulifera (Kowalevsky 1901) APS-P86
                   |--U. glomerans (Salvini-Plawen 1973) APS-P86
                   |--U. nahatensis Doe 1974 APS-P86
                   `--U. neapolitana (Rankin 1979) [=Stellaspina neapolitana] APS-P86

Nomina nuda: Microhedyle fundensis Rankin in Arnaud, Poizat & Salvini-Plawen 1986 APS-P86
             Pseudunela eirenei Wawra in Arnaud, Poizat & Salvini-Plawen 1986 APS-P86

Acochlidimorpha [Acochlidiacea, Acochlidiida, Acochlidiomorpha, Cerebroneura, Euacochlidiacea, Euacochlidioidea, Hedylopsoidea, Hedylopsoidei, Microhedylacea, Pedoneura]

*Hedylopsis spiculifera (Kowalewsky 1901) BR17 [=Hedyle spiculifera BR17; incl. Hedylopsis suecica Odhner 1937 APS-P86]

Palliohedyle Rankin 1979 BR17, BR05 [=Hedyle Bergh 1895 nec Guenée 1857 nec Malmgren 1865 BR05; Hedylinae, Palliohedylidae, Palliohedyloidea, Palliohedyloidei]

Pontohedyle Golikov & Starobogatov 1972 [incl. Mancohedyle Rankin 1979 APS-P86, BR05; Mancohedylidae, Pontohedylidae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS-P86] Arnaud, P. M., Cl. Poizat & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Marine-interstitial Gastropoda (including one freshwater interstitial species).  In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 153–176. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

Pteraspidomorphi

Reconstruction of Weigeltaspis alta, copyright Apokryltaros.

Belongs within: Craniata.
Contains: Amphiaspidiformes, Cyathaspidiformes, Pteraspidiformes, Psammosteiformes.

The Pteraspidomorphi are an Ordovician to Devonian clade of jawless fishes bearing paired nasal sacs with separate openings and no nasohypophyseal canal (Bond 1996).

<==Pteraspidomorphi [Pteraspides]
    |  i. s.: Palaeospondylus gunni B96
    |--+--Arandaspida [Arandaspidiformes, Arandaspidomorphi] MS16
    |  |    |  i. s.: *Anatolepis heintzi Bockelie & Fortey 1976 TBN04, B96, H93
    |  |    `--Arandaspididae H93
    |  |         |--Arandaspis prionotolepis Ritchie & Gilbert-Tomlinson 1977 H93
    |  |         `--Saccambaspis janvieri Gagnier 1987 H93
    |  `--Astraspidiformes [Astraspida, Eriptychiformes] SS05
    |       |--Eriptychius Walcott 1892 [Eriptychiidae] SS05
    |       |    `--*E. americanus Walcott 1892 [incl. E. orvigi Denison 1967, E. oervigi (l. c.)] SS05
    |       |--Porophoraspis [Porophoraspidae] H93
    |       |    `--P. crenulata Ritchie & Gilbert-Tomlinson 1977 H93
    |       |--Aseraspis [Aseraspididae] H93
    |       |    `--A. canadensis Dineley & Loeffler 1976 H93
    |       |--Lepidaspis [Lepidaspididae] H93
    |       |    `--L. serrata Dineley & Loeffler 1976 H93
    |       |--Astraspididae H93
    |       |    |--Tesakoviaspis concentrica Karatajute-Talimaa 1978 H93
    |       |    `--Astraspis Walcott 1892 MS16, SS05 [incl. Pycnaspis Ørvig 1958 SS05; Astraspididae]
    |       |         `--*A. desiderata Walcott 1892 [incl. *Pycnaspis splendens Ørvig 1958, A. splendens]
    |       `--Tesseraspididae [Tesseraspidida] H73
    |            |--Oniscolepis H73
    |            |--Tesseraspis H93
    |            |    |--T. denisoni Halstead Tarlo 1965 H93
    |            |    `--T. tesselata Wills 1935 BMM02
    |            `--Kallostrakon Lankester 1870 H73, SM01
    |                 |--K. macanuffi H73
    |                 `--K. podura H73
    `--Heterostraci MS16
         |  i. s.: Miltaspis anatirostrata MG01
         |         Athenaegis chattertoni Soehn & Wilson 1990 SM01
         |         Belgicaspis crouchi E84
         |         Cardipeltis [Cardipeltidae, Cardipeltiformes] H93
         |           |--C. bryanti Denison 1966 H93
         |           |--C. richardsoni Denison 1966 H93
         |           `--C. wallacii Branson & Mehl 1931 H93
         |--Amphiaspidiformes H93
         |--+--Cyathaspidiformes E84
         |  `--+--Pteraspidiformes E84
         |     `--Psammosteiformes E84
         `--Phialaspidiformes H93
              |--Phialaspis [Phialaspididae] H93
              |    `--P. symondsi (Lankester 1866) H93
              |--Traquairaspididae [Traquairaspidiformes] E84
              |    |--Yukonaspis H73
              |    `--Traquairaspis H93
              |         |--T. campbelli (Traquair 1913) [incl. Phialaspis pococki var. cowiensis White 1946] H93
              |         `--T. pococki (White 1946) H93
              |--Weigeltaspis [Weigeltaspididae] H93
              |    |--W. alta Brotzen 1933 H93
              |    |--W. brotzeni Halstead Tarlo 1965 H93
              |    |--W. godmani Halstead Tarlo 1965 H93
              |    `--W. heintzi Halstead Tarlo 1965 H93
              `--Natlaspididae H93
                   |--Natlaspis H93
                   |    |--N. adunata Dineley & Loeffler 1976 H93
                   |    `--N. planicosta Dineley & Loeffler 1976 H93
                   `--Lankesteraspis H93
                        |--L. lemniscata (Dineley & Loeffler 1976) H93
                        |--L. mackenziensis (Dineley & Loeffler 1976 H93
                        `--L. poolei (Dineley & Loeffler 1976) H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BMM02] Blom, H., T. Märss & C. G. Miller. 2002. Silurian and earliest Devonian birkeniid anaspids from the Northern Hemisphere. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 92: 263–323.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[E84] Elliott, D. K. 1984. A new subfamily of the Pteraspididae (Agnatha, Heterostraci) from the Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian of Arctic Canada. Palaeontology 27: 169–197.

[H73] Halstead, L. B. 1973. The heterostracan fishes. Biological Reviews 48: 279–332.

[H93] Halstead, L. B. 1993. Agnatha. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 573–581. Chapman & Hall: London.

[MG01] Märss, T., & P.-Y. Gagnier. 2001. A new chondrichthyan from the Wenlock, Lower Silurian, of Baillie-Hamilton Island, the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (4): 693–701.

[MS16] McCoy, V. E., E. E. Saupe, J. C. Lamsdell, L. G. Tarhan, S. McMahon, S. Lidgard, P. Mayer, C. D. Whalen, C. Soriano, L. Finney, S. Vogt, E. G. Clark, R. P. Anderson, H. Petermann, E. R. Locatelli & D. E. G. Briggs. 2016. The 'Tully monster' is a vertebrate. Nature 532: 496–499.

[SS05] Sansom, I. J., & M. P. Smith. 2005. Late Ordovician vertebrates from the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, USA. Palaeontology 48 (1): 31–48.

[SM01] Soehn, K. L., T. Märss, M. W. Caldwell & M. V. H. Wilson. 2001. New and biostratigraphically useful thelodonts from the Silurian of the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 651–659.

[TBN04] Turner, S., A. Blieck & G. S. Nowlan. 2004. Vertebrates (agnathans and gnathostomes). In: Webby, B. D., F. Paris, M. L. Droser & I. G. Percival (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event pp. 327–335. Columbia University Press.

Craniata

Reconstruction of Lasanius problematicus, copyright Nobu Tamura.

Belongs within: Deuterostomia.
Contains: Cyclostomata, Conodonta, Birkeniida, Thelodontomorphi, Pteraspidomorphi, Galeaspida, Osteostraci, Gnathostomata.

The Craniata are a major subgroup of the chordates in which the neural tube is enlarged to form a brain that is protected by an endoskeletal cranium. Anterior sensory structures such as eye lenses and an olfactory epithelium are also developed in the head region. In development, these head structures are formed from ectodermal placodes while neural crest cells give rise to the dermal skeleton, skeletal material of jaws and branchial arches, trabeculae, parts of sensory capsules, pigment cells, some cardiac and aortic-arch motor neurons and some sensory cranial nerves. Most craniates also possess an internal skeleton with vertebrae, characterising the clade Vertebrata.

Our understanding of higher-level phylogeny within living craniates is relatively stable except for the position of the Myxinidae (hagfish). Morphological studies place hagfish, which possess a cranium but lack vertebrae, outside the vertebrates, but molecular studies place hagfish as sister to Petromyzontidae (lampreys), implying that their lack of some vertebrate synapomorphies may represent a secondary loss.

Craniata [Agnatha, Craniota, Pisces, Tetraploblastica] SCM03
    |--Haikouichthys Luo, Hu & Shu in Shu, Luo et al. 1999 SCM03, SL99
    |    `--*H. ercaicunensis Luo, Hu & Shu in Shu, Luo et al. 1999 SL99
    `--Vertebrata (see below for synonymy) BJ06
         |  i. s.: Boothialepis thorsteinssoni Märss 1999 SM01
         |         Canonia grossi MG01
         |         Jianichthys longicephalus ZBH03
         |         Longdeichthys lujiaxiaensis ZBH03
         |         Yanosteus longidorsalis ZBH03
         |         Irenichthys S02
         |         Paralogania BMM02
         |           |--P. kummerowi (Gross 1967) BMM02
         |           `--P. ludlowiensis Gross 1967 SM01
         |         Fagea Buen 1940 C92
         |         Lophacanthus Stock 1880 C92
         |         Pezopallichthys [Furcacaudiformes] SM01
         |           `--P. ritchiei Wilson & Caldwell 1998 SM01
         |         Angaralepis moskalenkoae K-TS03
         |         Skiichthys halsteadi K-TS03
         |         Achanarella Newman 2002 [Achanarellidae] N02
         |           `--*A. trewini Newman 2002 N02
         |         Hanilepis wangi W97
         |         Gantarostrataspis geni W97
         |         Machaerasthus bohemicus W97
         |         Clarorbis apponomedianus JP97
         |         Lepidorhombus bosci PP64
         |         Gastrobranchus Bloch 1797 B97
         |           `--*G. coecus Bloch 1797 B97
         |         Pituriaspida J93
         |           |--Pituriaspis doylei J93
         |           `--Neeyambaspis J93
         |         Pircanchaspis rinconensis Schultze in Erdtmann et al. 2000 TBN04
         |         Areyongalepis oervigi TBN04
         |         Proceros Rafinesque 1820 G00
         |         Myllokunmingia Shu, Zhang & Han in Shu, Luo et al. 1999 SL99
         |           `--*M. fengjiaoa Shu, Zhang & Han in Shu, Luo et al. 1999 SL99
         |--Cyclostomata MW07
         `--+--Conodonta GCR06
            `--+--Jamoytius [Jamoytiidae] GCR06
               |    `--J. kerwoodi White 1946 BMM02
               |--Euphaneropidae N02
               |    |--Legendrelepis N02
               |    |--Euphanerops Woodward 1900 MS16, W00
               |    |    `--*E. longaevus Woodward 1900 W00
               |    `--Cornovichthys Newman & Trewin 2001 N02
               |         `--C. blaauweni Newman & Trewin 2001 N02
               `--+--Anaspida [Anaspidiformes] GCR06
                  |    |  i. s.: Ctenopleuron nerepisense Matthew 1907 BMM02
                  |    |--Birkeniida BMM02
                  |    `--Lasanius Traquair 1898 [Lasaniidae] BMM02
                  |         |--L. armatus Traquair 1898 BMM02
                  |         `--L. problematicus Traquair 1898 BMM02
                  `--+--Thelodontomorphi MS16
                     `--+--Pteraspidomorphi MS16
                        `--+--Galeaspida GCR06
                           `--+--Osteostraci GCR06
                              `--Gnathostomata MW07

Craniata incertae sedis:
  Acus Müller 1774 BR05
  ‘Acus’ Swainson 1839 non Müller 1774 BR05
  ‘Gonostoma’ van Hasselt 1823 non Rafinesque 1810 BR05
  Aetheolepis mirabilis Woodward 1895 F71
  Apateolepis australis Woodward 1890 F71
  Aphelepis australis Woodward 1895 F71
  Madariscus robustus (Woodward 1895) [=Archaeomaene robustus] F71
  Belichthys minimus F71
  Corunegenys bowralensis Wade 1941 F71
  Enigmatichthys attenuatus Wade 1935 F71
  Gosfordia truncata Woodward 1890 F71
  Myriolepis F71
    |--M. clarkei F71
    `--M. lata Woodward 1890 [=M. latus] F71
  Proctotretus stantoni Girard 1854 DS89
  Homalopomanus trowbridgii Girard 1856 DS89
  Holconotus trowbridgii Girard 1858 DS89
  Metaspriggina Simonetta & Insom 1993 MS16, W96
  Chilodus Muller & Troschel 1844 BR17
  Zalophancylus morani Hannibal 1912 [=Lanx (Zalophancylus) morani] TTE93
  Taraxes Day 1881 K18
  Pseudogastromyzon myersi B93
  Morulius chrysophekadion B93
  Tanichthys chrysophekadion B93

Vertebrata [Birkeniiformes, Cephalaspidomorphi, Diplorhina, Hyperoartii, Jamoytiiformes, Monorhina, Myopterygii, Nantes] BJ06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B93] Beresford, W. A. 1993. Cranial skeletal tissues: diversity and evolutionary trends. In: Hanken, J., & B. K. Hall (eds) 1993. The Skull vol. 2. Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity pp. 69–130. The University of Chicago Press.

[B97] Bloch, M. E. 1797. Sur le Gastrobranchus, nouveau genre de poisson. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (4): 26.

[BMM02] Blom, H., T. Märss & C. G. Miller. 2002. Silurian and earliest Devonian birkeniid anaspids from the Northern Hemisphere. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 92: 263–323.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BJ06] Bourlat, S. J., T. Juliusdottir, C. J. Lowe, R. Freeman, J. Aronowicz, M. Kirschner, E. S. Lander, M. Thorndyke, H. Nakano, A. B. Kohn, A. Heyland, L. L. Moroz, R. R. Copley & M. J. Telford. 2006. Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida. Nature 444 (7115): 85–89.

[C92] Crawford, R. L. 1992. Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History 8: 1–60.

[DS89] Dundee, H. A., & H. M. Smith. 1989. Nomenclatural eponym endings revisited. Systematic Zoology 38 (3): 279–283.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GCR06] Gess, R. W., M. I. Coates & B. S. Rubidge. 2006. A lamprey from the Devonian period of South Africa. Nature 443: 981–984.

[G00] Grubb, P. 2000. Valid and invalid nomenclature of living and fossil deer, Cervidae. Acta Theriologica 45 (3): 289–307.

[J93] Janvier, P. 1993. Patterns of diversity in the skull of jawless fishes. In: Hanken, J., & B. K. Hall (eds) 1993. The Skull vol. 2. Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity pp. 131–188. The University of Chicago Press.

[JP97] Ji S. & Pan J. 1997. The macropetalichthyids (Placodermi) from Guangxi and Hunan, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 18–34.

[K-TS03] Karatajute-Talimaa, V., & M. M. Smith. 2003. Early acanthodians from the Lower Silurian of Asia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93: 277–299.

[K18] Kury, A. B. 2018. Familial nomina in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Bionomina 13: 1–27.

[MW07] Mallatt, J., & C. J. Winchell. 2007. Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited: more cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1005–1022.

[MG01] Märss, T., & P.-Y. Gagnier. 2001. A new chondrichthyan from the Wenlock, Lower Silurian, of Baillie-Hamilton Island, the Canadian Arctic. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (4): 693–701.

[MS16] McCoy, V. E., E. E. Saupe, J. C. Lamsdell, L. G. Tarhan, S. McMahon, S. Lidgard, P. Mayer, C. D. Whalen, C. Soriano, L. Finney, S. Vogt, E. G. Clark, R. P. Anderson, H. Petermann, E. R. Locatelli & D. E. G. Briggs. 2016. The 'Tully monster' is a vertebrate. Nature 532: 496–499.

[N02] Newman, M. J. 2002. A new naked jawless vertebrate from the Middle Devonian of Scotland. Palaeontology 45 (5): 933–941.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[SCM03] Shu, D.-G., S. Conway Morris, J. Han, Z.-F. Zhang, K. Yasul, P. Janvier, L. Chen, X.-L. Zhang, J.-N. Liu, Y. Li & H.-Q. Liu. 2003. Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys. Nature 421: 526–529.

[SL99] Shu, D.-G., H.-L. Luo, S. C. Morris, X.-L. Zhang, S.-X. Hu, L. Chen, J. Han, M. Zhu, Y. Li & L.-Z. Chen. 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature 402: 42–46.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SM01] Soehn, K. L., T. Märss, M. W. Caldwell & M. V. H. Wilson. 2001. New and biostratigraphically useful thelodonts from the Silurian of the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 651–659.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TBN04] Turner, S., A. Blieck & G. S. Nowlan. 2004. Vertebrates (agnathans and gnathostomes). In: Webby, B. D., F. Paris, M. L. Droser & I. G. Percival (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event pp. 327–335. Columbia University Press.

[W97] Wang N. 1997. Restudy of thelodont microfossils from the lower part of the Cuifengshan Group of Qujing, eastern Yunnan, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 1–17.

[W00] Woodward, A. S. 1900. On a new ostracoderm (Euphanerops longaevus) from the Upper Devonian of Scaumenac Bay, Province of Quebec, Canada. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 416–419, pl. 10.

[ZBH03] Zhou, Z., P. M. Barrett & J. Hilton. 2003. An exceptionally preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem. Nature 421: 807–814.

Selachimorpha

Japanese angelshark Squatina japonica, copyright Ryo Sato.

Belongs within: Chondrichthyes.
Contains: Carcharhiniformes, Lamniformes, Orectolobiformes, Hexanchiformes, Squalidae.

The Selachimorpha are the clade including all modern sharks, distinguished from the rays by the pectoral fins remaining separate from the head. Most living sharks can be divided between the clades Galeomorphii and Squalomorphii with members of the latter clade being characterised by a projection into the orbit from the upper-jaw cartilage (Mallatt & Winchell 2007).

<==Selachimorpha
    |  i. s.: Scylliodus antiquus [=Scyliorhinus antiquus, Scyllium antiquum] B18
    |--Galeomorphii B96
    |    |  i. s.: Synechodontiformes [Palaeospinacomorphii] D01
    |    |           |  i. s.: Synechodus D01
    |    |           |           |--S. enniskilleni D01
    |    |           |           |--S. occultidens D01
    |    |           |           |--S. pinnai Duffin 1987 D01
    |    |           |           `--S. riegrafi D01
    |    |           `--Palaeospinacidae CDZ93
    |    |                |--Palaeospinax H72
    |    |                `--Paraorthacodus D01
    |    |                     |--P. arduennae Delsate 2001 D01
    |    |                     |--P. clarkii (Eastman 1901) CDZ93
    |    |                     |--P. eocaenus (Leriche 1902) CDZ93
    |    |                     |--P. jurensis D01
    |    |                     `--P. kruckowi D01
    |    |--Carcharhiniformes MW07
    |    `--Lamnoidei [Galeoidea] M58
    |         |--Lamniformes MW07
    |         `--Orectolobiformes MW07
    `--+--Heterodontus [Heterodontidae, Heterodontiformes] MW07
       |    |--H. duffini Thies 1983 CDZ93
       |    |--H. eocaenus (Regan 1864) [=Asteracanthus eocaenus] CDZ93
       |    |--H. falcifer (Wagner 1857) CDZ93
       |    |--H. francisci B96
       |    |--H. galeatus G75
       |    |--H. japonica M96
       |    `--H. portusjacksoni G75
       `--Squalomorphii B96
            |  i. s.: Protospinax [Protospinacidae, Protospinaciformes] B96
            |           |--P. annectans Woodward 1919 CDZ93
            |           `--P. planus DC02
            |--Hexanchiformes MW07
            `--+--Pristiophoridae [Pristiophoriformes] MW07
               |    |--Pristiophorus tumidens (Woodward 1932) MW07, CDZ93
               |    `--Pliotrema B96
               `--+--Squatina (see below for synonymy) MW07
                  |    |--S. acanthoderma Fraas 1854 CDZ93
                  |    |--S. aculeata VF21
                  |    |--S. angeloides F91
                  |    |--S. californica C84
                  |    |--S. dumeril C84
                  |    |--S. japonica VF21
                  |    `--S. tergocellata KW70
                  `--Squaliformes [Squaloidea] MW07
                       |  i. s.: Zameus squamulosus VF21
                       |--Squalidae C84
                       `--Echinorhinidae CDZ93
                            |--Gibbechinorhinus lewyi Cappetta 1990 CDZ93
                            `--Echinorhinus G60
                                 |--E. brucus (Bonnaterre 1788) [incl. E. mccoyi] G60
                                 `--E. cookei Pitschmann 1928 G60

Squatina [Rhinae, Rhinida, Rhiniformes, Rhinoidei, Squatinae, Squatinidae, Squatiniformes, Squatinina, Squatinoidea, Squatinoidei, Squatinomorphii, Tectospondyli] MW07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B18] Bernárdez, E. 2018. Truyolsodontos estauni n. gen., n. sp., Truyolsodontidae, a new family of lamniform sharks from the Cenomanian of northern Spain. Annales de Paléontologie 104: 175–181.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[D01] Delsate, D. 2001. L’ichthyofaune du Pliensbachian (Jurassique inferieur) de Lorraine et des Ardennes (France): premiers resultats. Bulletin de l’Académie Lorraine des Sciences 40 (1–2): 47–69.

[DC02] Delsate, D., & L. Candoni. 2002. Les premieres raies (Chondrichthyes—Elasmobranchii) au Jurassique inferieur en Lorraine (Luxembourg, Belgique, France) et dans le Bassin de Paris. Bulletin de l’Académie Lorraine des Sciences 41 (3–4): 93–103.

[F91] Freess, W. B. 1991. Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Fauna und Flora des marinen Mitteloligozäns bei Leipzig. Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschungen 6: 3–74.

[G60] Garrick, J. A. F. 1960. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part XII. The species of Squalus from New Zealand and Australia; and a general account and key to the New Zealand Squaloidea. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 519–557.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[H72] Hulley, P. A. 1972. The origin, interrelationship and distribution of southern African Rajidae (Chondrichthyes, Batoidei). Annals of the South African Museum 60 (1): 1–103.

[KW70] Kirkegaard, I., & R. H. Walker. 1970. Synopsis of biological data on the eastern king prawn Penaeus plebejus Hess, 1865. C.S.I.R.O. Fisheries and Oceanography Fisheries Synopsis 7.

[M96] Mallatt, J. 1996. Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 329–404.

[MW07] Mallatt, J., & C. J. Winchell. 2007. Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited: more cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1005–1022.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[VF21] Vullo, R., E. Frey, C. Ifrim, M. A. González González, E. S. Stinnesbeck & W. Stinnesbeck. 2021. Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans. Science 371: 1253–1256.

Last updated: 26 March 2022.

Euselachii

Skull and dorsal fin spine of Xenosynechodus egloni, from here.

Belongs within: Chondrichthyes.
Contains: Eugeneodontiformes, Petalodontiformes, Ctenacanthoidea, Hybodontiformes, Selachimorpha, Rhinobatiformes, Rajiformes, Myliobatiformes, Torpediniformes.

The Euselachii are a major clade of chondrichthyan fishes, including all post-Palaeozoic sharks and rays and their relatives, united by the development of propterygial and mesopterygial cartilages supporting the pectoral fins (Bond 1996).

<==Euselachii
    |--Protoselachii [Xenacanthimorpha] B96
    |    |--Ctenacanthoidea B96
    |    |--Hybodontiformes B96
    |    `--Xenacanthiformes [Pleuracanthodii, Xenacanthida] B96
    |         |  i. s.: Leonodus carlsi Mader 1986 CDZ93
    |         |--Diplodoselache [Diplodoselachidae] CDZ93
    |         |    `--D. woodi Dick 1981 CDZ93
    |         |--Xenosynechodus [Xenosynechodontidae] TT05
    |         |    `--X. egloni Gluckman 1980 TT05
    |         `--Xenacanthidae [Expleuracanthidae] G88
    |              |--Xenacanthus moorei (Woodward 1889) CDZ93
    |              |--Anodontacanthus pusillus Hussakof & Bryant 1918 CDZ93
    |              `--Dittodus CDZ93
    |                   |--D. priscus (Eastman 1899) CDZ93
    |                   `--D. striatus (Eastman 1899) CDZ93
    `--Neoselachii [Hypnosqualea, Selachii, Squalea] B96
         |  i. s.: Agaleus Duffin & Ward 1983 [Agaleidae]
         |           `--A. dorsetensis Duffin & Ward 1983
         |         Vallisia coppi Duffin 1982
         |         Glaucostegus [Rhinopristiformes] VF21
         |           |--G. granulatus VF21
         |           |--G. halavi VF21
         |           `--G. thoin VF21
         |--Selachimorpha MW07
         `--Batoidea [Batoidei, Batomorphii, Platosomeae, Rajomorphii] MW07
              |  i. s.: Pristidae [Pristiformes, Pristoidei] B96
              |           |--Pristiopsis leichhardti G75
              |           |--Anoxypristis cuspidata (Latham 1794) CL99a
              |           |--Peyeria libyca Weiler 1935 CDZ93
              |           `--Pristis M58
              |                |--P. clavata Garman 1906 CL99a
              |                |--P. lathami Galeotti 1837 CDZ93
              |                |--P. microdon Latham 1794 [incl. P. leichhardti (Whitley 1945)] CL99a
              |                |--P. pectinata Latham 1794 [incl. P. annandalei] CL99a
              |                |--P. perotteti Müller & Henle 1841 CL99a
              |                |--P. pristis (Linnaeus 1758) CL99a
              |                |--P. zephyreus Jordan & Starks in Jorda 1895 CL99a
              |                `--P. zijsron Bleeker 1851 CL99a
              |         Heteronarce garmani H72
              |         Cestracion philippi H72
              |         Trygon H72
              |           |--T. pastinacea H72 [=Dasyatis pastinaca Y56]
              |           `--T. walga [=Dasyatis walga] Y56
              |         Rhinobatiformes CL99b
              |         Parapalaeobates [Parapalaeobatidae] CDZ93
              |           |--P. atlanticus Arambourg 1952 CDZ93
              |           `--P. pygmaeus (Quaas 1902) CDZ93
              |         Sulcidens VF21
              |--Rajiformes MW07
              `--+--Myliobatiformes MW07
                 `--Torpediniformes MW07

Euselachii incertae sedis:
  Protacrodontidae [Protacrodontoidea] CDZ93
    |--Protacrodus vetustus Jaekel 1921 CDZ93
    `--Holmesella Gunnell 1931 CDZ93, H62
         `--H. equilaterata Gunnell 1933 CDZ93
  Desmiodontidae [Desmiodontida, Desmiodontiformes] CDZ93
    |--Desmiodus tumidus St John & Worthen 1875 CDZ93
    `--Heteropetalus elegantulus Lund 1977 CDZ93
  Coronodontidae [Coronodontida, Coronodontiformes] CDZ93
    |--Coronodus reimanni Bryant 1923 CDZ93
    `--Diademodus Harris 1950 W85
         `--*D. hydei Harris 1950 W85
  Eugeneodontiformes CDZ93
  Orodontidae [Orodontiformes] CDZ93
    |--Orodus ‘corrugatus’ Romer 1942 non Newberry & Worthen 1870 CDZ93
    `--Hercynolepis meischneri Gross 1973 CDZ93
  Petalodontiformes CDZ93
  Squatinactis [Squatinactidae, Squatinactiformes] CDZ93
    `--S. caudispinatus Lund & Zangerl 1974 CDZ93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CL99a] Compagno, L. J. V., & P. R. Last. 1999a. Order Pristiformes. Pristidae. Sawfishes. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1410–1417. FAO: Rome.

[CL99b] Compagno, L. J. V., & P. R. Last. 1999b. Rhinidae (=Rhynchobatidae). Wedgefishes. In: Carpenter, K. E., & V. H. Niem (eds) The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae) pp. 1418–1422. FAO: Rome.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[H72] Hulley, P. A. 1972. The origin, interrelationship and distribution of southern African Rajidae (Chondrichthyes, Batoidei). Annals of the South African Museum 60 (1): 1–103.

[MW07] Mallatt, J., & C. J. Winchell. 2007. Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited: more cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1005–1022.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[TT05] Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, A. V. Minikh, M. V. Surkov & M. J. Benton. 2005. Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 69: 27–77.

[VF21] Vullo, R., E. Frey, C. Ifrim, M. A. González González, E. S. Stinnesbeck & W. Stinnesbeck. 2021. Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans. Science 371: 1253–1256.

[W85] Williams, M. E. 1985. The “cladodont level” sharks of the Pennsylvanian Black Shales of central North America. Palaeontographica Abt. A 190: 83–158.

[Y56] Young, R. T. 1956. A review of the cestode genus Echeneibothrium. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (8): 256–265.