Belongs within: Malvidae.
Contains: Rutaceae, Meliaceae, Simaroubaceae, Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Acer, Dodonaea.
The Sapindales are a clade of flowering plants whose members often accumulate noxious secondary metabolites. Members include the Sapindaceae, a family of woody plants with often spiral, pinnately-compound leaves with subopposite leaflets and a terminal rhachis tip (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website). The Aceroideae (maples) and Hippocastanoideae (horse-chestnuts) have each been treated as separate families by some authors. Aceroideae have fruit that are samaras, with seeds contained with nutlets attached to a fibrous wing. Fruits of Hippocastanoideae are capsules that dehisce into three valves. Other members of the Sapindales include Nitraria, a genus of often spiny, pubescent shrubs found in arid regions of the Old World.
Characters (from Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Interesting secondary compounds, ethereal oils, myricetin present; mucilage cells present; branching from previous innovation, petioles leaving a prominent scar; leaves spiral, odd-pinnately compound, leaflets opposite, vernation conduplicate; inflorescence branches, at least, cymose; twice as many anthers as sepals; tapetal cells polyploid; nectary well developed; carpels equal to and opposite petals, or 3, odd member adaxial, stigmatic head from postgenitally united free carpel tips; ovules few/carpel, epitropous, nucellar cap present; exotegmen not fibrous.
<==Sapindales [Rutineae]
| i. s.: Biebersteinia [Biebersteiniaceae] T00
| Tepuianthus [Tepuianthaceae] T00
| Peganaceae T00
| |--Malacocarpus T00
| |--Peganum harmala T00, C55a
| `--Tetradiclis T00
| Choerospondias axillaris WM09, D07
|--+--+--Rutaceae MS06
| | `--+--Meliaceae MS06
| | `--Simaroubaceae MS06
| `--+--+--Anacardiaceae MS06
| | `--Burseraceae MS06
| `--Nitraria [Nitrariaceae] WM09
| |--N. billardierei KM08
| |--N. retusa WM09
| `--N. schoberi B14
`--Sapindaceae [Xanthoceraceae, Xanthocerataceae] MS06
| i. s.: Cardiospermum D01
| |--C. grandiflorum H06
| `--C. halicacabum LK14
| Serjania polyphylla D01, SWK87
| Diploglottis diphyllostegia W01
| Sapindopsis GT02
| |--S. alpina GT02
| `--S. cordata Fontaine 1889 CBH93
| Lepisanthes LK14
| |--L. fruticosa K03
| `--L. rubiginosa LK14
| Crossonephelis palawanicus H03
| Lepidopetalum subdichotomum B00b
| Nephelium K03
| |--N. lappaceum K03
| `--N. ramboutan-ake K03 [=Litsea ramboutan-ake L00]
| Distichostemon YY22
| Cupania J87
| |--C. americana J87
| |--C. anacardioides C16
| |--C. semiglauca [=Guioa semiglauca] MB08
| |--C. triquetra SWK87
| `--C. vernalis B04
| Filicium decipiens T00, SR07
| Tina Schultes in Roemer & Schultes 1819 A-R03
| `--*T. thouarsiana (Camb.) Capuron 1969 [=Cupania thouarsiana] A-R03
| Gelonium Gaertner 1791 (n. d.) A-R03
| `--*G. cupanioides Gaertner 1791 (n. d.) [=Molinaea cupanioides, Tina gelonium] A-R03
| Molinaea laevis Willdenow 1799 A-R03
| Allophyllus MM96
| |--A. abyssinicus PB27
| |--A. cobbe MS06
| |--A. crassinervis J87
| |--A. edulis H11
| |--A. occidentalis MM96
| `--A. rigidus J87
| Harpullia MS06
| |--H. arborea MS06
| |--H. hillii B00b
| |--H. pendula B00b
| `--H. ramiflora B00b
| Cupaniopsis WM09
| |--C. anacardioides WM09
| |--C. dunnii [=Cupania dunnii Maiden & Betche 1908] MB08
| |--C. serrata MB08
| `--C. wadsworthii MB08
| Atalaya LK14
| |--A. hemiglauca LK14
| |--A. salicifolia LK14
| `--A. variifolia LK14
| Ganophyllum falcatum LK14
| Guioa acutifolia B00b
| Heterodendron B00b
| |--H. diversifolium B00b
| `--H. oleifolium BR65
| Litchi chinensis B00b
| Sarcopteryx B00b
| |--S. martyana B00b
| `--S. stipata B00b
| Arytera B00b
| |--A. divaricata B00b
| `--A. pauciflora B00b
| Paullinia pinnata C06, C55b
| Dipterodendron elegans H11
| Talisia olivaeformis F11
| Sapindospermum CBH93
| Wehrwolfea Erwin & Stockey 1990 CBH93
| Bohlenia CBH93
| Diplopeltis Endl. 1837 KC01
| `--D. stuartii MLP09
| Phaeocarpus Mart. & Zucc. 1824 KC01
| Schleichera oleosa M72
|--Aceroideae [Aceraceae] T00
| |--Dipteronia sinensis D01
| |--Acer T00
| `--Negundoides acutifolia Lesquereux 1868 CBH93
|--Sapindus F71 [Sapindoideae T00]
| |--S. drummondii DD06
| |--S. emarginatus S72
| |--S. gossei Ettingshausen 1886 F71
| |--S. laurifolius M72
| `--S. mukorossi LO98
|--Koelreuteria CD07 [Koelreuterioideae T00]
| |--K. annosa Brown 1956 B56
| |--K. elegans B00b
| |--K. nigricans B56
| `--K. paniculata Laxm. 1753 CD07
|--Hippocastanoideae [Hippocastanaceae] T00
| |--Billia columbiana T00, R96
| `--Aesculus T00
| |--A. californica H93
| |--A. carnea D37
| |--A. glabra V72
| |--A. hippocastanum D37
| |--A. pavia D37
| `--A. turbinata LO98
`--Dodonaeoideae [Dodonaeae] T00
|--Dodonaea A61
`--Alectryon Gertn. 1788 C06, A61
|--A. connatus LK14
|--A. coriaceus B00b
|--A. excelsus Gaertn. 1788 A61
|--A. grandis Cheesem. 1912 [=A. excelsus var. grandis Cheesem. 1892] A61
|--A. kimberleyanus LK14
|--A. oleifolius KM08
`--A. subcinereus B00a
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
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