Belongs within: Chordata.
Contains: Enterogona, Pleurogona.
The Urochordata, tunicates, are spineless chordates that possess a notochord and postanal tail in the tadpole-like larval stage but usually loose them when they metamorphose into adults.
Characters (from Miller & Harley 1996): Notochord, nerve cord and postanal tail present in free-swimming larvae; adults sessile or planktonic, usually enclosed in a tunic containing some cellulose.
<==Urochordata
| i. s.: Octacnemus [Sorberacea] MH96
|--Shankouclava Chen, Huang et al. 2003 EL11, CH03
| `--*S. anningense Chen, Huang et al. 2003 [=S. shankouense Chen, Huang et al. 2003 (n. n.)] CH03
`--+--Oikopleura GD00 [Appendicularia C-S98, Larvacea]
| |--O. dioica LG03
| |--O. labradoriensis B26
| `--O. vanhoeffeni B26
`--Tunicata C-S98
|--Thaliacea [Thaliae] C-S98
| | i. s.: Thalia democratica BN03
| |--Pyrosoma [Pyrosomatidae, Pyrosomida] MG-H11
| | |--P. atlanticum Péron 1804 MG-H11
| | `--P. spinosum MH96
| |--Doliolidae [Dolioloda] MG-H11
| | |--Dolioletta gegenbauri (Uljanin 1884) MG-H11
| | `--Doliolum W01
| | |--D. mulleri Krohn 1852 W01
| | `--D. nationalis CGS00
| `--Salpa [Salpida, Salpidae] MG-H11
| |--S. fusiformis B26
| |--S. maxima Forskål 1775 MG-H11
| |--S. tilesii B26
| `--S. zonaria B26
`--Ascidiacea [Ascidiae] C-S98
| i. s.: Clarelina molucensis RZ03
| Phallusia CGS00
| |--P. mamillata CGS00
| `--P. nigra B79
| Polyandrocarpa B79
| |--P. gravei B79
| |--P. tincta B79
| `--P. zorritensis GO78
| Symplegma viride B79
| Diplosoma listerianum B79
| Ctenicella appendiculata M62
| Distomus variolosus M62
| Asterocarpa coerulea HS01
| Permosoma EL11
| Cynthia melocactus H04
| Fragarium elegans H04
| Synoecum turgens H04
| Polycyclus cyaneus H04
|--Enterogona S79
`--Pleurogona S79
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.
[BN03] Bourlat, S. J., C. Nielsen, A. E. Lockyer, D. T. J. Littlewood & M. J. Telford. 2003. Xenoturbella is a deuterostome that eats molluscs. Nature 424: 925–928.
[B79] Buss, L. W. 1979. Habitat selection, directional growth and spatial refuges: why colonial animals have more hiding places. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 459–497. Academic Press: London.
[CGS00] Cameron, C. B., J. R. Garey & B. J. Swalla. 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: new insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 97 (9): 4469–4474.
[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.
[CH03] Chen, J.-Y., D.-Y. Huang, Q.-Q. Peng, H.-M. Chi, Z.-Q. Wang & M. Feng. 2003. The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 (14): 8314–8318.
[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091–1097.
[GO78] Gallardo S., C., & C. Osorio R. 1978. Hiatella solida (Sowerby, 1834) (Mollusca: Hiatellidae) on Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) and other substrates. Veliger 20 (3): 274–278.
[GD00] Giribet, G., D. L. Distel, M. Polz, W. Sterrer & W. C. Wheeler. 2000. Triploblastic relationships with emphasis on the acoelomates and the position of Gnathostomulida, Cycliophora, Plathelminthes, and Chaetognatha: A combined approach of 18S rDNA sequences and morphology. Systematic Biology 49: 539–562.
[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.
[LG03] Lancelot, C., & R. Groben. 2003. Meeting report: Regional conference on the ecology and impact assessment of Phaeocystis blooms in the Eastern Channel and Southern Bight of the North Sea. Protist 154 (2): 173–176.
]MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.
[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology 3rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).
[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.
[RZ03] Romanenko, L. A., N. V. Zhukova, M. Rhode, A. M. Lysenko, V. M. Mikhailov & E. Stackebrandt. 2003. Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans sp. nov., a novel marine agarolytic bacterium. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 125–131.
[S79] Sabbadin, A. 1979. Colonial structure and genetic patterns in ascidians. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 433–444. Academic Press: London.
[W01] Williamson, D. I. 2001. Larval transfer and the origins of larvae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 111–122.
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