Tracheophyta

Cooksonia pertonii, from here.

Belongs within: Apo-Tracheophyta.
Contains: Trimerophytina, Lignophyta, Monilophyta, Lycopodiopsida.

Tracheophyta was defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the crown-group of vascular plants, i.e. the largest crown clade including Zea mays but not Phaeoceros laevis, Marchantia polymorpha or Polytrichum commune, characterised by the walls of the water-conducting cells having a thick, lignified, decay-resistent layer. Modern tracheophytes are divided between the Lycopodiopsida (clubmosses and allies) and Euphyllophyta (ferns and seed plants). Living members of the latter clade are characterised by the presence of broad true leaves (megaphylls or euphylls), but fossil evidence suggests that the leaves of ferns and seed plants may have evolved independently from each other (Cantino et al. 2007).

Tracheophyta [Cormatae, Pteridophytina]
    |--Pan-Euphyllophyta [Euphyllophytina] CD07
    |    |--Trimerophytina CD07
    |    `--Euphyllophyta CD07
    |         |--Lignophyta CD07
    |         `--Pan-Monilophyta [Pteridophytanae] CD07
    |              |--Cladoxylopsida BC98
    |              |    |--Hyeniales D98
    |              |    `--Cladoxylon [Cladoxylales] D98
    |              |         `--C. dawsonii D98
    |              `--+--Monilophyta CD07
    |                 |--Rhacophyton D98
    |                 `--Zygopteris [Zygopteridales] D98
    `--Pan-Lycopodiophyta [Lycopodiobiotina] CD07
         |--Cooksonia Lang 1937 D98, EE86
         |    |--C. bohemica EE86
         |    |--C. caledonica EE86
         |    |--C. crassiparietilis EE86
         |    |--C. hemisphaerica EE86
         |    `--C. pertonii BC98
         `--+--Renalia D98
            |    |--R. grabertii EE86
            |    |--R. hueberi EE86
            |    `--R. major EE86
            `--Lycophytina BC98
                 |--Lycopodiopsida CD07
                 `--Zosterophyllopsida BC98
                      |--Gosslingia breconensis BC98
                      |--Zosterophyllum rhenanum D98, S00
                      `--Sawdonia D98
                           |--S. ornata S00
                           `--S. spinosissima S00

Tracheophyta incertae sedis:
  Carpolithes CWC87
    |--C. amaranthaceus Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--C. heerii JD05
    `--C. wetherellioides Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Xylia PA-W02
    |--X. dolabriformis PA-W02
    `--X. xylocarpa RH91
  Paripteris pseudogigantea SC02
  Austrocalyxaceae VA01
    |--Rinconadia archangelskyi VA01
    |--Jejenia alata VA01
    |--Austrocalyx Vega & Archangelsky 1996 VA01
    |    `--A. jejenensis VA01
    `--Polycalyx Vega & Archangelsky 2001 VA01
         |--*P. laterale Vega & Archangelsky 2001 VA01
         `--P. tetramera Vega & Archangelsky 2001 VA01
  Nothorhacopteris VA01
  Bergiopteris VA01
  Hydrasperma tenuis VA01
  Diplopteridium VA01
    |--D. holdenii VA01
    `--D. teilianum VA01
  Pullaritheca longii [=Hydrasperma longii] VA01
  Moresnetia VA01
  Buteoxylonaceae VA01
  Stauropteridales BC98
  Yunia dichotoma Hao & Beck 1991 G97
  Lycopodiella serpentina P05
  Cicatricosisporites I02
    |--C. annulatus VB02
    |--C. augustus VB02
    |--C. australiensis (Cookson) Potonié 1956 I02
    |--C. hughesii VB02
    |--C. ludbrookiae VB02
    |--C. orbiculatus Singh 1964 I02
    |--C. purbeckensis VB02
    `--C. recticicatricosus Döring 1965 I02
  Deltoidospora I02
    |--D. hallii Miner 1935 I02
    `--D. psilostoma Rouse 1959 YB02
  Gleicheniidites senonicus Ross 1949 I02
  Matonisporites cooksoniae I02, VB02
  Cibotiumspora jurienensis (Balme) Filatoff 1975 I02
  Cyathidites I02
    |--C. australis Couper 1953 YB02
    `--C. minor Couper 1953 YB02
  Todisporites I02
    |--T. major Couper 1958 YB02
    `--T. minor Couper 1958 YB02
  Trilobosporites laevigatus El Beialy 1994 I02
  Camelina sativa BO08
  Aneimites F71
    |--A. austrina Etheridge 1888 F71
    `--A. ovata [incl. Rhacopteris inaequilatera] F71
  Apocynocarpum sulcatum Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Artocarpidium F71
    |--A. gregoi Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    `--A. stuarti Ettingshausen 1883 F71
  Bairera multifida F71
  Bambusites arthrostylinus Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Blechnoxylon talbragarense Etheridge 1899 F71
  Walkomiella australis [=Brachyphyllum australe Feistmantel 1878-1879] F71
  Callistemophyllum F71
    |--C. hackii Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    `--C. obliquum Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Cladophlebis F71
    |--C. australis F71
    `--C. roylei F71
         |--C. r. var. roylei F71
         `--C. r. var. murtoni Dun 1909 F71
  Cupanites selwyni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Cycadopteris scolopendrina Ratte 1887 F71
  Dalbergiophyllum affine Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Diemenia perseaefolia Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Dolichites coriaceus Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Ficonium solandri Ettingshausen 1883 F71
  Gangamopteris walkomii Rigby 1967 F71
  Ginkgocladus australiensis Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Heterocladiscos thujoides Ettingshausen 1883 F71
  Salisburia palmata [=Jeanpaulia palmata Ratte 1886] F71
  Lepidopteris madagascariensis F71
  Macrotaeniopteris wianamattae Feistmantel 1878-1879 F71
  Molongia brownii Ettingshausen 1883 F71
  Maitaia podocarpoides F71
  Malpighiastrum babbagei Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Microphyllopteris pectinata F71
  Myrtonium F71
    |--M. lanceolatum Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    `--M. obtusifolium Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Oleandridium lenticuliforme Etheridge 1894 F71
  Ovopteris alata F71
  Palaeocladus cuneiformis Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Pitys sussmilchi F71
  Pseudopinus wilkinsoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Rhopala sapindifolia Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Rissikia F71
    |--R. apiculata Townrow 1967 F71
    `--R. media F71
  Stenopteris rigida Dun 1909 F71
  Thinnfeldia F71
    |--T. feistmanteli F71
    |--T. lancifolia F71
    `--T. narrabeenensis Dun in Walkom 1925 F71
  Dicroidium odontopteroides [=Thinnfeldia odontopteroides] F71
  Trachyphyllum myosotinum Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Leptophloeum F71
    |--L. australe [=Lepidodendron australe] F71
    `--L. rhombicum ZA02
  Annularia F71
    |--A. australis Feistmantel 1878-1879 F71
    |--A. ivini Walkom 1941 F71
    |--A. latifolia A38
    |--A. sphenophylloides A38
    `--A. stellata A38
  Dryophyllum F71
    |--D. curticellense JD05
    |--D. howitti Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    `--D. moselense JD05
  Cyclostigma F71
    |--C. australe Feistmantel 1878-1879 F71
    `--C. kiltorkense CWC87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1-65.

[BC98] Bateman, R. M., P. R. Crane, W. A. DiMichele, P. R. Kenrick, N. P. Rowe, T. Speck & W. E. Stein. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 263-292.

[BO08] Bönsel, D., I. Ottich, A. Malten & G. Zizka. 2008. An updated list of the vascular plants of Frankfurt am Main (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 111-121.

[CWC87] Cai C.-Y., Wen Y.-G. & Chen P.-Q. 1987. Archaeopteris florula from Upper Devonian of Xinhui County, central Guangdong and its stratigraphical significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 26 (1): 55-64.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D98] Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.

[EE86] Edwards, D., & D. S. Edwards. 1986. A reconsideration of the Rhyniophytina Banks. In Systematic and Taxonomic Approaches in Palaeobotany (R. A. Spicer & B. A. Thomas, eds) Systematics Association Special Volume 31: 199-220. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[G97] Gerrienne, P. 1997. The fossil plants from the Lower Devonian of Marchin (northern margin of Dinant Synclinorium, Belgium): V. Psilophyton genseliae sp. nov., with hypotheses on the origin of Trimerophytina. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 98: 303-324.

[I02] Ibrahim, M. I. A. 2002. Late Albian-Middle Cenomanian palynofacies and palynostratigraphy, Abu Gharadig-5 well, Western Desert, Egypt. Cretaceous Research 23: 775-788.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185-273.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): A new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031-1042.

[P05] Pinder, A. M. 2005. A review of biodiversity in wetlands with organic sediments on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, with an emphasis on aquatic invertebrates. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (3): 129-132.

[RH91] Ramani, N., & M. A. Haq. 1991. Potential of Meristacarus degradatus and Xylobates rhomboides (Acari: Oribatei) in the degradation of higher plant materials. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 411-415. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[S00] Schweitzer, H. J. 2000. Neue Pflanzenfunde im Unterdevon der Eifel (Deutschland). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 80 (2): 371-395.

[SC02] Shute, C. H., & C. J. Cleal. 2002. Ecology and growth habit of Laveineopteris: A gymnosperm from the Late Carboniferous tropical rain forests. Palaeontology 45 (5): 943-972.

[VA01] Vega, J. C., & S. Archangelsky. 2001. Austrocalyxaceae, a new pteridosperm family from Gondwana. Palaeontographica Abt. B 257: 1-16.

[VB02] Vijaya & T. K. Bhattacharji. 2002. An Early Cretaceous age for the Rajmahal traps, Panagarh area, West Bengal: Palynological evidence. Cretaceous Research 23: 789-805.

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian-Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687-706.

[ZA02] Zhu, M., P. E. Ahlberg, W. Zhao & L. Jia. 2002. First Devonian tetrapod from Asia. Nature 420: 760-761.