Cephalopoda

Cross-section of Archendoceras conipartitum, from Holland (1987).

Belongs within: Mollusca.
Contains: Hadrocheilus, Plectronoceratidae, Multiceratoidea, Baltoceratidae, Angusteradulata, Barrandeocerida, Nautilida.

The Cephalopoda are a class of molluscs first known from the Late Cambrian; among modern taxa, cephalopods include the shelled Nautilidae and the Coleoidea (squids, cuttlefish, octopods) that lack an external shell. Traditionally, the cephalopods have been divided between three subclasses, the Nautiloidea, Ammonoidea and Coleoidea, but the Nautiloidea in the broad sense are paraphyletic with regard to the other two groups.

The earliest cephalopods are known from the Upper Cambrian and had straight to slightly curved shells with tightly packed septa; these stem representatives may not yet have adopted the nektonic lifestyles of crown cephalopods. An alternative structure for cephalopod evolution was proposed by Smith & Caron (2010), who interpreted the Early to Middle Cambrian Nectocarididae as early cephalopods and suggested that the first cephalopods may have lacked a shell (see links below for comments on why this may be unlikely).

See also: How to be straight; Open query—what are cephalopod shells for?; Nectocaris: largely irrelevant to cephalopods?; So nice when people agree with you.

Characters (from Sweet 1964): Ancestrally with a shell divided into chambers by transverse septa; chambers connected by a tubular siphuncle piercing the septa; shell originally conical and more or less straight but becoming elongate and coiled in many lineages. In those species for which soft anatomy is known, body is elongate with an anterior head and posterior ventral mass; mouth with a parrot-like beak and surrounded by an array of tentacles or arms; ancestral molluscan foot modified into a muscular hyponome (siphon) used to eject water from the mantle cavity and so provide propulsion. Digestive system looped so that mouth and anus are both more or less anterior.

<==Cephalopoda [Ellesmerocerida, Ellipochoanoida, Microchoanites, Nautiloidea, Octopodia, Tetrabranchiata]
    |--Protactinoceras [Protactinoceratida] H87
    |    `--P. magnitubulum H87
    |--+--Archendoceras [Yanhecerida] H87
    |  |    `--A. conipartitum H87
    |  `--Plectronoceratida H87
    |       |  i. s.: Lunanoceras precordium H87
    |       `--Plectronoceratidae H87
    `--+--Multiceratoidea M13
       `--+--Baltoceratidae STK64
          `--+--Angusteradulata STK64
             `--+--Barrandeocerida KVF11
                `--Nautilida KVF11

Cephalopoda incertae sedis:
  Pseudogrammoceras DC01
  Esericeras DC01
  Pleydellia subcompta DC01
  Phoenixites frechi GR97
  Holzapfeloceras D02
    |--*H. convolutum (Holzapfel 1895) D02
    `--H. croyi House 1978 D02
  Werneroceras D02
  Gomiprotomeroceras (nom. inv.) D02
    `--G. acutum Sobolew 1914 D02
  Wedekindella brilonensis (Kayser 1872) D02
  Pseudoprobeloceras polonicum (Sobolew 1914) D02
  Archoceras D02
    |--A. tataense Bensaïd 1974 D02
    `--A. varicosum (Drevermann 1901) D02
  Acanthoclymenia genundewa (Clarke 1898) D02
  Linguatornoceras [incl. Truyolsoceras] D02
    |--L. clausum (Glenister 1958) D02
    |--L. compressum (Clarke 1899) D02
    `--‘Truyolsoceras’ undulatum (Sandberger & Sandberger 1856) D02
  Crassotornoceras belgicum (Matern 1931) D02
  Siemiradzkia P87
  Parachondroceras filicostatum Imlay 1967 P87
  Talkeetnites Imlay 1980 P87
  Longaeviceras P87
  Chamoussetia P87
  Xenocephalites [incl. Cadoceras (Oligocadoceras Meledina 1977)] P87
    |--‘Arcticoceras’ crassicostatum P87
    `--‘Arcticoceras’ loveanum P87
  Goniocamax lundgreni S98
  Talenticeras TC71
  Mimosphinctes TC71
  Miklukhoceras pamiricum Pavlov 1967 ZL04
  Schreyerites binodosus (Hauer 1851) SC04
  Paraceratites SC04
    |--P. binodosus Ku79
    |--P. brembanus (Mojsisovics 1882) SC04
    `--P. trinodosus (Mojsisovics 1882) SC04
  Synpharciceras clavilobum (Sandberger & Sandberger 1850) KK02
  Acrimeroceras falcisulcatum Becker 1993 KK02
  Clistoceras globosum Nassichuk 1967 KK02
  Nathorstites maconnelli (Whiteaves 1889) KK02
  Mayaites (Araucanites) stipanicici Westermann & Riccardi 1975 KK02
  Hibolithes E01
    |--H. catlinensis E01
    |--H. joleaudi Ka79
    `--H. pistilliformis Ka79
  Hedstroemoceras Foerste 1930 T64
    `--*H. haelluddenense Foerste 1930 T64
  Rhyncolite Biguet 1819 (see below for synonymy) TMNZ64
    |--*R. hirundo Biguet 1819 [=*Rhombocheilus hirundo, *Rhyncholithes hirundo] TMNZ64
    |--‘Rhyncholitus’ (l. c.) duplicatus Münster 1829 TMNZ64
    |--‘Rhyncolites’ gigantea d’Orbigny 1825 [=*Longocapuchones gigantea, Rhyncholithes giganteus] TMNZ64
    |--R. larus Biguet 1819 TMNZ64
    `--R. mouette Biguet 1819 TMNZ64
  Conchorhynchus de Blainville 1827 [=Conchorchynchus (l. c.), Onchorhynchus (l. c.)] TMNZ64
    `--C. avirostris (von Schlotheim 1820) (see below for synonymy) TMNZ64
  Tillicheilus Shimanskiy 1947 [incl. Unguibeccus Shimanskiy 1949 (n. n.)] TMNZ64
    |--*T. obtusus (Till 1906) [=Rhyncholithes obtusus] TMNZ64
    `--T. sella TMNZ64
  Rhynchoteuthis d’Orbigny 1847 [=Rhynchotenthis (l. c.), Rhynchotheutis Till 1906] TMNZ64
    |--*R. astierianus d’Orbigny 1847 TMNZ64
    |--R. kaibabensis TMNZ64
    `--R. sonii TMNZ64
  Hadrocheilus TMNZ64
  Palaeoteuthis d’Orbigny 1849 [=Palaeotheutis Till 1906] TMNZ64
    `--*P. honoratianus d’Orbigny 1850 TMNZ64
  Scaptorrhynchus Bellardi 1871 [=Scaptorhynchus (l. c.)] TMNZ64
    `--*S. miocenicus Bellardi 1873 TMNZ64
  Leptocheilus Till 1907 TMNZ64
    |--L. (Leptocheilus) TMNZ64
    |    |--*L. (L.) geyeri Till 1907 TMNZ64
    |    `--L. (L.) excavatus TMNZ64
    `--L. (Mesocheilus Till 1909) TMNZ64
         `--L. (*M.) proceroides (Till 1909) [=*Mesocheilus proceroides] TMNZ64
  Akidocheilus Till 1907 TMNZ64
    |--A. (Akidocheilus) TMNZ64
    |    |--*A. (A.) ambiguus Till 1907 TMNZ64
    |    `--A. (A.) tauricus TMNZ64
    `--A. (Planecarpula Shimanskiy 1947) TMNZ64
         `--A. (*P.) infirus Shimanskiy 1947 TMNZ64
  Gonatocheilus Till 1907 TMNZ64
    `--*G. brunneri (Ooster 1857) [=Rhynchoteuthis brunneri] TMNZ64
  Erlangericheilus Shimanskiy 1947 TMNZ64
    `--*E. insignis Shimanskiy 1947 TMNZ64
  Neptunoceratidae T64
    |--Neptunoceras Shimanskiy 1949 T64
    |    `--*N. sakmarense Shimanskiy 1949 T64
    `--Tetrapleuroceras Shimanskiy 1949 T64
         `--*T. karpinskyi Shimanskiy 1949 T64
  Dartoceras Foerste 1936 T64
    `--*D. nodosum Foerste 1936 T64
  Achelois de Montfort 1808 (n. d.) T64
    `--*A. pyramidatum de Montfort 1808 (n. d.) T64
  Amblyceras Glockner 1842 (n. d.) T64
    `--*A. rittbergense Glockner 1842 (n. d.) T64
  Bisiphites de Montfort 1808 (n. d.) T64
  Curvites Petter 1959 (n. d.) T64
  Deltoceras Hyatt 1894 (n. d.) T64
    `--*D. planum Hyatt 1894 (n. d.) T64
  Diadiploceras Hyatt 1884 (n. d.) T64
    `--D. inopinatum [=Discoceras inopinatum] H84
  Gyrocerus King 1844 (n. d.) T64
  Koleoceras Portlock 1843 (n. d.) [=Coleoceras (l. c.)] T64
  Nautilites Pallas 1771 (n. d.) T64
    `--*N. complanatus Pallas 1771 (n. d.) T64
  Oceanus de Montfort 1808 (n. d.) T64
    `--*O. flammeus de Montfort (n. d.) T64
  Parksoceras Foerste & Savage 1927 (n. d.) T64
    `--*P. lepidodendroides (Parks 1915) [=Orthoceras (Thoracoceras) lepidodendroides] T64
  Pteronautilus Meek in Meek & Hayden 1865 (n. d.) T64
    `--*P. seebachianus (Geinitz 1861) (n. d.) [=Nautilus seebachianus] T64
  Schoulgoceras Shimanskiy 1951 (n. d.) T64
  Ungeroceras Sturgeon & Miller 1948 (n. d.) T64
    `--*U. ungeri Sturgeon & Miller 1948 (n. d.) T64
  Gasconoceras P68
    |--G. obesum Foerste 1936 P68
    `--G. planiventrum Foerste 1936 P68
  ‘Rhenopterus’ maccarthyi (Kjellesvig-Waering 1934) TB04
  Aulacosphinctes H79
    |--A. hollandi H79
    `--A. reedi SY85
  Micracanthoceras micracanthus H79
  Nectocarididae SC10
    |--Nectocaris Conway Morris 1976 EL11, W96
    |    `--N. pteryx Conway Morris 1976 D95
    |--Petalilium [=Petalium (l. c.)] SC10
    |    `--P. latus SC10
    `--Vetustovermis planus SC10
  Loxendoceras Collins 1967 EK12
  Paradakeoceras minor Flower 1964 EK12

Nomen nudum: Diadiploceras quadratum Hyatt 1883 H84

Conchorhynchus avirostris (von Schlotheim 1820) [=Lepadites avirostris; incl. *C. ornatus de Blainville 1827, Rhyncolites gaillardoti d’Orbigny 1825, Rhyncholites gaillardoti, Sepia gaillardoti] TMNZ64
Rhyncolite Biguet 1819 [=Nautilorhynchus Frič 1910, Rhombocheilus Shimanskiy 1947, Rhyncholites Zieten 1830, Rhyncholithes de Blainville 1827, Rhyncholithus Bronn 1853, Rhyncholitus (l. c.), Rhyncolites d’Orbigny 1825, Rhyncholythes (l. c.); incl. Longocapuchones Shimanskiy 1947] TMNZ64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[D95] Dzik, J. 1995. Yunnanozoon and the ancestry of chordates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 40: 341–360.

[D02] Dzik, J. 2002. Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 565–650.

[E01] Eagle, M. K. 2001. A new species of Cottreauaster (Asteroidea: Echinodermata) from the Middle Jurassic of New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 93–100.

[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091–1097.

[EK12] Evans, D. H., & A. H. King. 2012. Resolving polyphyly within the Endocerida: the Bisonocerida nov., a new order of early Palaeozoic nautiloids. Geobios 45 (1): 19–28.

[GR97] Girard, C., E. Robin, R. Rocchia, L. Froget & R. Feist. 1997. Search for impact remains at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in the stratotype area, southern France. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 132: 391–397.

[H79] Hölder, H. 1979. Jurassic. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A390–A417. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H87] Holland, C. H. 1987. The nautiloid cephalopods: a strange success story. Journal of the Geological Society 144 (1): 1–15.

[H84] Hyatt, A. 1883–1884. Genera of fossil cephalopods. Boston Soc. Nat. History, Proc. 22: 253–338.

[Ka79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[KVF11] Kröger, B., J. Vinther & D. Fuchs. 2011. Cephalopod origin and evolution: a congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules. Bioessays 33: 602–613.

[KK02] Klug, C., & D. Korn. 2002. Occluded umbilicus in the Pinacitinae (Devonian) and its palaeoecological implications. Palaeontology 45 (5): 917–931.

[Ku79] Kummel, B. 1979. Triassic. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A351–A389. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[M13] Mutvei, H. 2013. Characterization of nautiloid orders Ellesmerocerida, Oncocerida, Tarphycerida, Discosorida and Ascocerida: new superorder Multiceratoidea. GFF 135 (2): 171–183.

[P87] Poulton, T. P. 1987. Zonation and correlation of Middle Boreal Bathonian to Lower Callovian (Jurassic) ammonites, Salmon Cache Canyon, Porcupine River, northern Yukon. Geological Survey of Canada—Bulletin 358: 1–155.

[P68] Purnell, L. R. 1968. Catalog of the type specimens of invertebrate fossils. Part I: Paleozoic Cephalopoda. United States National Museum Bulletin 262: 1–198.

[SY85] Sha J.-G. & Yuan F.-S. 1985. Buchia fauna from Dong’anzhen Formation near Dong’an of Raohe County, Heilongjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 24 (6): 651–662.

[SC10] Smith, M. R. & J.-B. Caron. 2010. Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian. Nature 465: 469–472.

[S98] Spaeth, C. 1998. Cretaceous cephalopods. Lethaia 31: 28.

[SC04] Stiller, F., & Chen J. 2004. Eophilobryoidella sinoanisica new genus and species, an early philobryid bivalve from the Upper Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Qingyan, southwestern China. Journal of Paleontology 78 (2): 418–419.

Sweet, W. C. 1964. Cephalopoda—general features. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K4–K13. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[STK64] Sweet, W. C., C. Teichert & B. Kummel. 1964. Phylogeny and evolution. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K106–K114. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[T64] Teichert, C. 1964. Doubtful taxa. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K484–K490. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[TMNZ64] Teichert, C., R. C. Moore & D. E. Nodine Zeller. 1964. Rhyncholites. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K467–K484. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[TB04] Tetlie, O. E., S. J. Braddy, P. D. Butler & D. E. G. Briggs. 2004. A new eurypterid (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia, with a review of the Rhenopteridae. Palaeontology 47 (4): 801–809.

[TC71] Thomson, K. S., & K. S. W. Campbell. 1971. The structure and relationships of the primitive Devonian lungfish—Dipnorhynchus sussmilchi (Etheridge). Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin 38: 1–109.

[W96] Waggoner, B. M. 1996. Phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of arthropods to Precambrian and Cambrian problematic fossil taxa. Systematic Biology 45 (2): 190–222.

[ZL04] Zhou, Z., & M. Liengjarern. 2004. Lower Permian perrinitid ammonoid faunas from Thailand. Journal of Paleontology 78: 317–339.