Coprosma

Twiggy coprosma Coprosma rhamnoides, copyright Rudolph89.

Belongs within: Rubioideae.

Coprosma is a genus of shrubs and trees with often glandular leaves found around the southwest Pacific, with the highest diversity in New Zealand.

Characters (from Allen 1961): Shrubs or trees with simple opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules usually gland-tipped when young. Plants prevailingly dioecious, but with several types of sexual expressions. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes, seated in a cup formed by partial fusion of two stipulate bracts (forming a calyculus). Calyx-teeth 4–5, usually minute, often absent in male. Corolla-tube usually narrow-funnelform, sometimes campanulate, lobes valvate. Stamens usually inserted near base of corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers usually far-exserted, more or less sagittate, apiculate, pendulous. Ovary usually 2-loculed; styles usually 2, very slender, sometimes narrowly clavate in stigmatic region, usually far-exserted. Fruit a succulent, more or less globose drupe with 2–(4) plano-convex pyrenes, usually crowned by withered persistent calyx.

<==Coprosma Forster & Forster 1776 W96
    |--C. subg. Coprosma [incl. C. subg. Microcoprosma Allan 1961] W96
    |    |--C. sect. Coprosma [=C. sect. Foetidae Allan 1961] W96
    |    |    `--C. (subg. *C.) foetidissima Forster & Forster 1776 W96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. sect. Acerosae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) acerosa Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. acerosa f. arenaria Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |    |--C. brunnea (Kirk) Cockayne ex Cheesem. 1925 [=C. acerosa f. brunnea Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |    |--C. intertexta Simpson 1945 A61
    |    |    `--C. rugosa Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Antipodae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) antipoda Oliver 1935 [incl. Plagianthus linariifolia Buchanan 1884] A61
    |    |    `--C. cheesemanii Oliver 1935 [incl. C. depressa Cheesem. 1887 non Col. ex Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Cuneatae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *C.) cuneata Hooker 1844 A61
    |    |    |--C. astonii Petrie 1912 A61
    |    |    |--C. banksii Petrie 1898 [incl. C. myrtillifolia var. linearis Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |    |--C. colensoi Hooker 1864 [incl. C. pseudo-colensoi Cockayne & Allan 1934] A61
    |    |    `--C. crenulata Oliver 1917 [incl. C. retusa Petrie 1894 non Hooker 1844] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Linariifoliae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    `--C. (sect. *L.) linariifolia Hooker 1864 [=C. propinqua var. linariifolia Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Microcoprosma Allan 1961 [=C. sect. Rotundifoliae (nom. inv.)] A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *M.) rotundifolia Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. rufescens Colenso 1886] A61
    |    |    |--C. areolata Cheeseman 1886 [incl. C. multiflora Colenso 1889] A61
    |    |    |--C. × gracilicaulis [C. rotundifolia × C. tenuicaulis] A61
    |    |    |--C. polymorpha Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |    |--C. rhamnoides Cunn. 1839 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--C. tenuicaulis Hooker 1853 [incl. C. tenuicaulis var. major Cheeseman 1906] A61
    |    |    `--C. virescens Petrie 1879 [incl. C. divaricata var. pallida Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Parviflorae Allan 1961 non Loasa ser. Parviflorae Urban & Gilg 1894 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) parviflora Hooker 1853 A61
    |    |    |    |--C. p. var. parviflora A61
    |    |    |    `--C. p. var. dumosa Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |    |--C. ciliata Hooker 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. microcarpa Hooker 1853 [incl. C. margarita Colenso 1896] A61
    |    |    `--C. propinqua Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. alba Colenso 1892] A61
    |    |         |--C. p. var. propinqua [incl. C. propinqua var. typica Oliver 1935] A61
    |    |         |--C. p. vr. latiuscula Allan 1961 A61
    |    |         `--C. p. var. martinii Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Pseudocuneatae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) pseudocuneata Oliver 1928 [incl. C. egmontiana Cockayne 1928] A61
    |    |    `--C. depressa Col. ex Hooker 1853 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--C. sect. Pumilae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) pumila Hooker 1847 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |    |--C. p. ssp. pumila D95
    |    |    |    `--C. ‘perpusilla’ ssp. subantarctica D95
    |    |    `--C. petriei Cheesem. 1886 A61
    |    |         |--C. p. var. petriei [incl. C. petriei var. vera Cockayne & Allan 1926] A61
    |    |         `--C. p. var. atropurpurea Cockayne & Allan 1926 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Rigidae Allan 1961 non Artemisia sect. Rigidae Rydberg 1916 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *R.) rigida Cheeseman 1887 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. crassifolia Colenso 1846 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. obconica Kirk 1899 A61
    |    |    |--C. rubra Petrie 1885 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--C. wallii Petrie in Cheeseman 1925 A61
    |    `--C. sect. Spathulatae Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--C. (sect. *S.) spathulata Cunn. 1839 A61
    |         |    |--C. s. ssp. spathulata HL01
    |         |    `--C. s. ssp. hikuruana HL01
    |         `--C. arborea Kirk 1878 A61
    |--C. subg. Lucidae Webb 1996 W96
    |    |--C. sect. Lucidae Webb 1996 W96
    |    |    |--C. (subg. *L.) lucida Forster & Forster 1776 W96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |    |--C. l. var. lucida A61
    |    |    |    `--C. l. var. angustifolia Cheeseman 1925 A61
    |    |    `--C. dodonaeifolia Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Australes Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) australis (Rich.) Robinson 1910 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. acutifolia Hooker 1856 A61
    |    |    |--C. macrocarpa Cheeseman 1888 A61
    |    |    |--C. robusta Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    `--C. tenuifolia Cheeseman 1886 A61
    |    `--C. sect. Petiolatae Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--C. (sect. *P.) petiolata Hooker 1856 A61
    |         |--C. chathamica Cockayne 1902 A61
    |         `--C. repens Richard 1832 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. subg. Serrula Allan 1961 A61
         `--C. (subg. *S.) serrulata Hooker ex Buchan. 1871 A61

Coprosma incertae sedis:
  C. arcuata Colenso 1846 (n. d.) A61
  C. × buchananii Kirk 1892 A61, C06 [C. crassifolia × C. robusta A61]
  C. × cunninghamii A61 [C. propinqua × C. robusta A61; incl. C. conferta C06]
  C. ernodeoides BM00
  C. × gracilis A61 (see below for synonymy)
  C. hirtella BR65
  C. × kirkii Cheesem. 1897 C06 [C. acerosa × C. repens A61]
  C. montana D95
  C. × neglecta [C. repens × C. rhamnoides] A61
  C. novoguineensis D95
  C. quadrifida (Labillardière) Robinson 1910 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  C. solandri Kirk 1897 (n. d.) A61

Coprosma australis (Rich.) Robinson 1910 [=Ronabea australis Rich. 1832; incl. C. autumnalis Colenso 1887, C. grandifolia Hooker 1853] A61

Coprosma ciliata Hooker 1844 [incl. C. myrtillifolia Hooker 1844, C. parviflora var. pilosa Cheeseman 1887, C. ciliata var. virgata Hooker 1844] A61

Coprosma crassifolia Colenso 1846 [incl. C. divaricata var. coriacea Hooker 1853, C. pendula Colenso 1889] A61

Coprosma depressa Col. ex Hooker 1853 [incl. C. pubens Petrie 1894 non Gray 1860, C. ramulosa Petrie 1895] A61

Coprosma foetidissima Forster & Forster 1776 W96 [=C. (sect. *Foetidae) foetidissima A61; incl. C. affinis Hooker 1844 A61, C. pusilla C06, C. sagittata Colenso 1899 A61]

Coprosma × gracilis A61 [C. lucida × C. rhamnoides A61; =C. divaricata var. gracilis Hooker 1853 A61; incl. C. viridis Carse 1927 A61, C27]

Coprosma lucida Forster & Forster 1776 W96 [incl. C. lanceolata Colenso 1899, C. lucida var. obovata Kirk 1899 A61]

Coprosma pumila Hooker 1847 [incl. C. perpusilla Colenso 1890, C. repens Hooker 1844 non Rich. 1832] A61

Coprosma quadrifida (Labillardière) Robinson 1910 [=Canthium quadrifidum Labillardière 1804; incl. Marquisia billardieri Richard 1819, Coprosma billardieri Hooker 1847] BR65

Coprosma repens Richard 1832 A61 [incl. C. baueri A61, C. baueriana Hooker 1853 A61, C. baueri var. oblongifolia Kirk 1899 A61, C. retusa Hooker 1844 A61, C. stockii Williams 1876 A61, C. variegata D95]

Coprosma rhamnoides Cunn. 1839 A61 [=C. rhamnoides var. vera Cheeseman 1906 C06; incl. C. concinna Colenso 1884 A61, C. divaricata Cunn. 1839 A61, C. rhamnoides var. divaricata Cheeseman 1887 A61, C. heterophylla Colenso 1886 A61, C. orbiculata Colenso 1890 A61]

Coprosma rigida Cheeseman 1887 [incl. C. aurantiaca Colenso 1890, C. lentissima Colenso 1890, C. turbinata Colenso 1892] A61

Coprosma robusta Raoul 1844 [incl. C. robusta var. angustata Kirk 1899, C. coffaeoides Colenso 1889, C. robusta var. parva Kirk 1899] A61

Coprosma rubra Petrie 1885 A61 [incl. C. filiformis ms A61, C. divaricata var. latifolia Hooker 1853 A61, C. latifolia Col. ex Cheesem. 1887 C06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

[C27] Carse, H. 1927. Botanical notes, with descriptions of new species. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 89–93.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D95] Dawson, M. I. 1995. Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora. 33. Miscellaneous species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 477–487.

[HL01] Heenan, P. B., & P. J. de Lange. 2001. A new, dodecaploid species of Uncinia (Cyperaceae) from ultramafic rocks, Surville Cliffs, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 373–380.

[W96] Webb, C. J. 1996. A rose by any other name: Two problems of scent in the naming and typification of New Zealand plants. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 281–283.