Belongs within: Sciaroidea.
Contains: Sciara (Sciara).
The Sciaridae, fungus gnats, are a group of small flies that mostly feed on decaying organic matter. They are characterised by wings with a short costa, a single short crossvein r-m near the base of the wing, two strongly sclerotised R veins and weakly sclerotised forked M and Cu veins (Mohrig & Menzel 2009).
Characters (from Steffan 1981): Small flies, 1.0–11 mm long, usually blackish, brownish, or yellowish. Compound eyes usually forming dorsal bridge above antennal bases. Wings hyaline or fumose, sometimes reduced or absent. C ending between apices of R5 and M1; Sc weak, ending free; CuP, A1, and A2 poorly developed; crossvein r-m in line with R5; M and CuA forked; crossvein m-cu absent. R and its branches setose above; most other veins sometimes setose above; some veins sometimes setose below. Halter absent in wingless females. Tibiae with one or two apical spurs. Abdomen cylindrical and usually strongly tapering in female.
<==Sciaridae [Lycoriidae, Sciarinae, Sciaroidae]
|--Scythropochroa nitida Edwards in Tonnoir & Edwards 1927 S81, TE27
|--Pnyxia scabiei S81
|--Pharatretula S81
|--Zygoneura [Zygoneurinae] S81
|--Metangela toxoneura MM09, S81
|--Moehnia erema S81
|--Hybosciara gigantea BW09
|--Keilbachia paucipalpa MM09
|--Acuatella vestituda MM09
|--Pterothrix capillosa MM09
|--Ctenosciara destita MM09
|--Trichosciara spinimana MM09
|--Leucosciara imperfecta MM09
|--Austrosciara CM91
|--Palaeoheteretricha Loew 1850 H02
|--Palaeoheterotricha Meunier 1904 H02
|--Cerato Meigen 1904 H02
|--Palaeofuorista Meigen 1904 H02
|--Ruebsaameniella Meigen 1904 H02
|--Heeriella Meigen 1903 H02
|--Sciarella Meigen 1903 H02
|--Parastemmia H02
|--Neosciara H02
|--Phorodonata H02
|--Protosciara Quievreux 1938 H02
|--Lycoria bicolor Meigen 1800 H02
|--Heterotricha Meunier 1904 H02
| `--H. novaezelandiae Tonnoir in Tonnoir & Edwards 1927 TE27
|--Neophnyxia Tonnoir & Edwards 1927 TE27
| `--*N. nelsoniana Tonnoir in Tonnoir & Edwards 1927 TE27
|--Mixosciaritis Hong 2002 H02
| `--*M. brachyceroidis (Hong 1981) [=Lycoria brachyceroidis] H02
|--Epidapus Haliday 1856 H02
| |--E. (Epidapus) flavothoracicus MM09
| `--E. (Clandestina) perniciosus MM09
|--Eugnoriste MM09
| |--E. occidentalis S81
| `--E. villosoabdominalis MM09
|--Chaetosciara Frey 1942 H02
| |--C. joffrei S81
| `--C. solutospina MM09
|--Phytosciara (Dolichosciara) MM09
| |--P. (D.) exlobata MM09
| `--P. (D.) flavipes S81
|--Scatopsciara MM09
| |--S. (Scatopsciara) funesta MM09
| `--S. (Xenopygina) caribiana MM09
|--Plastosciara Berg 1899 [incl. Peyrimhoffia Kieffer 1903] H02
| |--P. johnstoni S81
| `--P. perniciosa S81
|--Leptosciarella MM09
| |--L. (Leptosciarella) prospera MM09
| `--L. (Protosciarella) virgatoalata MM09
|--Schwenckfeldina MM09
| |--S. filamentosa MM09
| |--S. forcipigera MM09
| `--S. imitans S81
|--Hyperlasion MM09
| |--H. capitulatum MM09
| `--H. wasmanni MM09
|--Rhynchosciara MM09
| |--R. angelae KSM06
| |--R. hollaenderi KSM06
| `--R. mathildae MM09
|--Lycoriella Frey 1942 H02
| |--L. agarici CM91
| |--L. mali S81
| `--L. ventrosa (Lengersdorf 1941) TKM93
|--Odontosciara MM09
| | i. s.: O. nigra S81
| |--O. (Odontosciara) nocta MM09
| `--O. (Obscura) grandis MM09
|--Corynoptera MM09
| |--C. assimilis Menzel 2005 F05
| |--C. hannae Menzel 2005 F05
| `--C. parvula MM09
|--Zygomma MM09
| |--Z. acuta MM09
| |--Z. fasciatellum MM09
| `--Z. modica MM09
|--Pseudosciara Schiner 1866 H02
| |--P. forceps S81
| |--P. fragistyla MM09
| |--P. hirtella S81
| |--P. melanocephala MM09
| `--P. ribeiroi MM09
|--Pseudolycoriella MM09
| |--P. coecoalata MM09
| |--P. ferocia MM09
| |--P. indocera MM09
| |--P. ovistyla MM09
| `--P. torva MM09
|--Cratyna MM09
| |--C. (Cratyna) MM09
| | |--C. (C.) ciliocera MM09
| | |--C. (C.) ciliovenosa MM09
| | `--C. (C.) micra MM09
| `--C. (Spathobdella) exteria MM09
|--Bradysia Winnertz 1867 H02
| |--B. amoena WT11
| |--B. coprophila P09
| |--B. crassicera MM09
| |--B. dilucida MM09
| |--B. impatiens S81
| |--B. lobulata MM09
| `--B. macfarlanei S81
`--Sciara Meigen 1903 H02
| i. s.: S. coprophila WB98
| S. fraterna RD77
| ‘Trichosia’ hebes S81
| S. militaris R13
| S. penicillata MM09
| S. rufescens Hutton 1881 (n. d.) TE27
| S. semialata RD77
| S. thomae R13
| S. tritici RD77
|--S. (Sciara) TE27
`--S. (Scaptosciara Tonnoir & Edwards 1927) TE27
|--S. (*S.) quinquelineata TE27
`--S. (S.) unicalcarata Edwards in Tonnoir & Edwards 1927 TE27
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.
[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).
[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.
[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.
[KSM06] King, R. C., W. D. Stansfield & P. K. Mulligan. 2006. A Dictionary of Genetics 7th ed. Oxford University Press.
[MM09] Mohring, W., & F. Menzel. 2009. Sciaridae (black fungus gnats). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 279–292. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.
[P09] Pape, T. 2009. Economic importance of Diptera. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 65–77. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.
[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
[S81] Steffan, W. A. 1981. Sciaridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 247–255. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.
[TKM93] Thaler, K., B. Knoflach & E. Meyer. 1993. Fragmenta faunistica Tirolensia—X. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 80: 311–325.
[TE27] Tonnoir, A. L., & F. W. Edwards. 1927. New Zealand fungus gnats (Diptera, Mycetophilidae). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 747–878.
[WB98] Werren, J. H., & L. W. Beukeboom. 1998. Sex determination, sex ratios, and genetic conflict. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 233–261.
[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.
Last updated: 4 February 2021.
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