Tubificida

Section of genitalic segments of Phreodrilus linnaei, male genitalia to the left and spermathecal duct to the right, from Pinder (2008).

Belongs within: Clitellata.
Contains: Naididae, Enchytraeidae, Haplotaxidae, Phallodrilinae.

The Tubificida are a group of small, mostly aquatic oligochaetes that include many of the best-known freshwater worms.

Characters (from Jamieson 1988): One pair of testes followed by one pair of ovaries; male pores anterior to female pores; male ducts penetrating one intersegment. Sperm with no connectives; acrosome very short.

<==Tubificida [Tubificina] J88
    |  i. s.: Dorydrilus Piguet 1913 JD86 [Dorydrilidae J88]
    |           |--D. michaelseni Piguet 1913 JD86
    |           |--D. mirabilis Hrabĕ 1936 JD86
    |           `--D. tetrathecus Hrabĕ 1960 JD86
    |         Naididae J88
    |         Opistocystidae J88
    |--Phreodrilidae RP07
    |    |--Phreodrilus Beddard 1891 P08 [incl. Hesperodrilus J31]
    |    |    |--*P. subterraneus Beddard 1891 P08
    |    |    |--P. albus Beddard 1894 G09b
    |    |    |--P. beddardi Benham 1904 G09b
    |    |    |--P. branchiatus Beddard 1894 G09b
    |    |    |--P. kerguelenensis Michaelsen 1902 G09b
    |    |    |--P. linnaei Pinder 2008 P08
    |    |    |--P. mauiensis Benham 1904 G09b
    |    |    |--P. niger Beddard 1904 G09b
    |    |    |--P. pellucidus Beddard 1894 G09b
    |    |    `--P. peniculus Pinder 2003 P08
    |    |--Phreodriloides Benham 1907 G09b
    |    |    `--P. notabilis Benham 1907 ED08
    |    |--Astacopsidrilus Goddard 1909 G09a
    |    |    |--A. edwardi Pinder 2003 P08
    |    |    |--A. fusiformis Goddard 1909 G09a
    |    |    |--A. notabilis Goddard 1909 G09a
    |    |    `--A. novus Jackson 1931 J31
    |    |--Insulodrilus Brnkhurst 1991 P08
    |    |    |--*I. lacustris (Benham 1903) [=Phreodrilus lacustris] P08
    |    |    |--I. angela Pinder 2008 P08
    |    |    |--I. genitalisetifera Martin & Brinkhurst 1994 P08
    |    |    |--I. litoralis Michaelsen 1903 P08
    |    |    `--I. martensi Martin & Giani 1995 P08
    |    `--Antarctodrilus proboscidea (Brinkhurst & Fulton 1979) RP07
    `--+--+--Enchytraeidae RP07
       |  `--+--Haplotaxidae RP07
       |     `--Propappus Michaelsen 1905 RP07, D90 [Propappidae]
       |          `--P. volki Michaelsen 1916 RP07
       `--Tubificidae RP07
            |  i. s.: Tubifex Lamarck 1816 [=Tubifer (l. c.) non Piette 1856] BR05
            |           |--T. davidis Benham 1907 ED08
            |           |--T. flabellisetosus Hrabĕ 1966 JD86
            |           |--T. ignotus KA01
            |           `--T. tubifex KA01
            |         Rhyacodrilus Bretscher 1901 JD86
            |           |--R. amphigenus JD86
            |           |--R. balmensis Juget 1959 JD86
            |           |--R. carsticus Kosel 1980 JD86
            |           |--R. lindbergi Hrabĕ 1963 JD86
            |           |--R. phreaticola JD86
            |           |--R. sketi Karaman 1974 JD86
            |           `--R. subterraneus Hrabĕ 1963 JD86
            |         Psammoryctides Hrabĕ 1964 JD86
            |           |--P. hadzii Karaman 1974 JD86
            |           `--P. hrabei Karaman 1971 JD86
            |         Peloscolex Leidy 1851 JD86
            |           |--P. arganoi Pop 1974 JD86
            |           |--P. boitanii Pop 1974 JD86
            |           |--P. cottarellii Pop 1974 JD86
            |           |--P. latens JD86
            |           `--P. pescei Dumnicka 1981 JD86
            |         Haber Holmquist 1978 JD86
            |           |--H. monfalconensis Hrabĕ 1966 JD86
            |           |--H. turquini Juget & Lafont 1979 JD86
            |           `--H. zavreli Hrabĕ 1942 JD86
            |         Potamothrix Vejdovsky & Mrazek 1902 JD86
            |           |--P. moldaviensis JD86
            |           |    |--P. m. moldaviensis JD86
            |           |    `--P. m. minimus Pop 1971 JD86
            |           `--P. postojnae Karaman 1974 JD86
            |         Epirodrilus Hrabĕ 1930 JD86
            |           `--E. slovenicus Karaman 1976 JD86
            |         Spirospermoides Dumnicka 1983 JD86
            |           `--*S. stocki Dumnicka 1983 JD86
            |         Krenedrilus Dumnicka 1983 JD86
            |           `--*K. papillatus Dumnicka 1983 JD86
            |         Marcusaedrilus P86
            |         Smithsonidrilus P86
            |         Clitellio abjornseni J31
            |         Macquaridrilus bennettae J88
            |         Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri S30, KA01
            |         Heronidrilus gravidus Erséus 1990 RP07
            |         Heterochaeta costata Claparède 1863 RP07
            |         Tubificoides amplivasatus (Erséus 1975) RP07
            |         Pronaidites Kušta 1888 H62
            |           `--*P. carbonarius Kušta 1888 H62
            |--Phallodrilinae P86
            `--Aulodrilinae P86
                 |--Kaketio P86
                 |--Thalassodrilides P86
                 `--Limnodriloides Pierantoni 1904 P86
                      `--L. winckelmanni Michaelsen 1914 P86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[D90] Dash, M. C. 1990. Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 311–340. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[ED08] Edgeworth David, T. W. 1908. Geological notes on Kosciusko, with special reference to evidences of glacial action. Part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 657–668, pl. 623.

[G09a] Goddard, E. J. 1909a. Contribution to a further knowledge of Australasian Oligochaeta. Part I. Descriptions of two species of a new genus of Phreodrilidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 768–793, pls 729–731.

[G09b] Goddard, E. J. 1909b. Contribution to a further knowledge of Australian Oligochaeta. Part II. Description of a Tasmanian phreodrilid. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 845–853.

[H62] Howell, B. F. 1962. Worms. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W144–W177. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[J31] Jackson, A. 1931. The Oligochaeta of south-western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 17: 71–136.

[J88] Jamieson, B. G. M. 1988. On the phylogeny and higher classification of the Oligochaeta. Cladistics 4: 367–402.

[JD86] Juget, J., & E. Dumnicka. 1986. Oligochaeta (incl. Aphanoneura) des eaux souterraines continentales. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 234–244. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[KA01] Kent, M. L., K. B. Andree, J. L. Bartholomew, M. El-Matbouli, S. S. Desser, R. H. Devlin, S. W. Feist, R. P. Hedrick, R. W. Hoffmann, J. Khattra, S. L. Hallett, R. J. G. Lester, M. Longshaw, O. Palenzuela, M. E. Siddall & C. Xiao. 2001. Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 48: 395–413.

[P86] Pfannkuche, O. 1986. Oligochaeta from marine and brackish-water subterranean habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 245–249. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[P08] Pinder, A. M. 2008. Phreodrilidae (Clitellata: Annelida) in north-western Australia with descriptions of two new species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 459–468.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[S30] Stephenson, J. 1930. Oligochaeta collected by Dr. G. S. Carter and Mr. L. C. Beadle on the expedition to Brazil and Paraguay in 1926–27. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 19–20.