Polygnathus

Platform element of Polygnathus costatus partitus, copyright Geological Digital Museum of Peking University.

Belongs within: Polygnathidae.
Contains: Linguipolygnathus.

Polygnathus is a genus of conodonts known from the Early Devonian to Early Carboniferous, with an apparatus including a more or less distinctly curved platform element (Bardashev et al. 2002). The platform bears a median carina that tends to disappear or become obscure at the posterior end (Sweet 1988).

See also: Time for teeth (Taxon of the Week: Polygnathus).

Characters (from Bardashev et al. 2002, for Eocostapolygnathus + Costapolygnathus): Platform more or less distinctly curved, margins of platform reaching posterior end, ornamented by nodes or transverse ridges; carina reaching posterior end, with or without adcarinal grooves; basal cavity varying in size, symmetric- to asymmetric-flanged.

<==Polygnathus Hinde 1879 BWZ02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--P. sokolovi Yolkin, Weddige et al. 1994 [=Eocostapolygnathus sokolovi] BWZ02
    |  `--+--P. hindei Mahkova & Apekina 1980 [=Eocostapolygnathus hindei] BWZ02
    |     `--P. tamara Apekina 1989 [=Eocostapolygnathus tamara] BWZ02
    |--+--Linguipolygnathus BWZ02
    |  `--‘Eocostapolygnathus’ yolkini Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
    |       |--E. y. yolkini BWZ02
    |       `--E. y. erinae Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
    `--+--P. kitabicus Yolkin, Weddige et al. 1994 [=*Eocostapolygnathus kitabicus] BWZ02
       |--+--‘Eocostapolygnathus’ pierrei Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
       |  `--+--P. juferevi Aksenova 1987 [=Eocostapolygnathus juferevi] BWZ02
       |     `--+--‘Costapolygnathus’ mariannae Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
       |        `--‘Costapolygnathus’ telfordi Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
       `--+--P. excavatus Carls & Gandl 1969 (see below for synonymy) BWZ02
          |--+--‘Eocostapolygnathus’ polinae Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
          |  `--+--P. inversus Klapper & Johnson 1975 [=Costapolygnathus inversus] BWZ02
          |     `--+--P. quadratus Klapper, Ziegler & Mashkova 1978 [=Costapolygnathus quadratus] BWZ02
          |        `--‘Costapolygnathus’ snigirevae Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
          `--+--+--P. gronbergi Klapper & Johnson 1975 [=Eocostapolygnathus gronbergi] BWZ02
             |  `--+--‘Costapolygnathus’ jacksoni Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
             |     `--‘Costapolygnathus’ schenkae Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
             `--+--‘Eocostapolygnathus’ philipi Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
                `--+--P. laticostatus Klapper & Johnson 1975 [=Costapolygnathus laticostatus] BWZ02
                   `--+--P. gilklapperi Mawson & Talent 1994 [=Costapolygnathus gilklapperi] BWZ02
                      `--+--P. parawebbi Chatterton 1974 BWZ02, KU04
                         |--P. patulus Klapper 1971 [=Costapolygnathus patulus, P. costatus patulus] BWZ02
                         |--P. pseudofoliatus Wittekindt 1966 BWZ02, D02
                         |--+--P. benderi BWZ02
                         |  `--+--P. eiflius BWZ02
                         |     `--P. ovatinodosus BWZ02
                         |--P. costatus BWZ02
                         |    |--P. c. costatus BWZ02
                         |    |--P. c. karapetovi BWZ02
                         |    |--P. c. oblongus BWZ02
                         |    |--P. c. partitus BWZ02
                         |    `--P. c. sogdianensis BWZ02
                         `--+--P. kennettensis BWZ02
                            `--+--P. ensensis [=P. xylus ensensis] BWZ02
                               |--P. varcus BWZ02
                               |--P. xylus BWZ02
                               `--+--P. ansatus Ziegler & Klapper 1976 BWZ02, D02 (see below for synonymy)
                                  `--P. timorensis Klapper, Philip & Jackson 1970 D02

Polygnathus incertae sedis:
  *P. dubius Hinde 1879 [=Costapolygnathus dubius] BWZ02
  P. aequalis Klapper & Lane 1985 D02
  P. bartensis (Druce 1969) WM03
  P. beckmanni N79
  P. bicavatus S88
  P. biconstrictus S88
  P. bischoffi Rhodes, Austin & Druce 1969 WM03
  P. brevis Miller & Youngquist 1947 KU04
  P. communis (Branson & Mehl 1934) WM03
    |--P. c. communis ZP86
    `--P. c. carinus ZP86
  P. corrugatus S88
  P. dengleri Bischoff & Ziegler 1957 KU04
  P. distortus S88
  P. diversus Helms 1959 KU04
  P. elongonodosus S88
  P. evidens Klapper & Lane 1985 KU04
  P. experplexus S88
  P. flabellus S88
  P. flaccidus S88
  P. giganteus S88
  P. glaber S88
    |--P. g. glaber S88
    `--P. g. bilobatus S88
  P. homoirregularis S88
  P. inflexus S88
  P. inornatus S88
  P. kockelianus N79
  P. latifossatus D01
  P. lodinensis Pölsler 1969 KU04
  P. longiposticus S88
  P. mehli S88
  P. mungeonsis M62
  P. nodocostatus Branson & Mehl 1934 D02
  P. nodosus S88
  P. obliquicostatus S88
  P. obtectus S88
  P. ordinata H62
  P. pacificus Savage & Funai 1980 D02
  P. pennatuloideus S88
  P. pennatus Hinde 1879 KU04
  P. rugosus N79
  P. semicostatus Branson & Mehl 1934 D02
  P. spicatus S88
  P. styriacus N79
  P. subirregularis S88
  P. subnormalis Vorontsova & Kuz’min 1984 KU04
  P. unicornis Müller & Müller 1957 KU04
  P. vexatus S88
  P. webbi Stauffer 1938 [incl. P. normalis Miller & Youngquist 1947] D02

Polygnathus Hinde 1879 BWZ02 [=Costapolygnathus Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02; incl. Eocostapolygnathus Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02, Macropolygnathus Cooper 1939 H62]

Polygnathus ansatus Ziegler & Klapper 1976 BWZ02, D02 [incl. P. hemiansatus Bultynck 1987 D02]

Polygnathus excavatus Carls & Gandl 1969 [=Polygnathus webbi excavata, Eocostapolygnathus excavatus, P. dehiscens excavatus] BWZ02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BWZ02] Bardashev, I. A., K. Weddige & W. Ziegler. 2002. The phylomorphogenesis of some Early Devonian platform conodonts. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 82: 375–451.

[D01] Donoghue, P. C. J. 2001. Conodonts meet cladistics: recovering relationships and assessing the completeness of the conodont fossil record. Palaeontology 44 (1): 65–93.

[D02] Dzik, J. 2002. Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 565–650.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[KU04] Klapper, G., T. T. Uyeno, D. K. Armstrong & P. G. Telford. 2004. Conodonts of the Williams Island and Long Rapids Formations (Upper Devonian, Frasnian–Famennian) of the Onakawana B Drillhole, Moose River Basin, northern Ontario, with a revision of the Lower Famennian species. Journal of Paleontology 78: 371–387.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Taxonomy, evolution, and ecology of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W83–W91. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[WM03] Webster, G. D., C. G. Maples, R. Mawson & M. Dastanpour. 2003. A cladid-dominated Early Mississippian crinoid and conodont fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and revision of the glossocrinids and rhenocrinids. Journal of Paleontology 77 (Suppl. 3): 1–35.

[ZP86] Zhang, R., & J. Pojeta Jr. 1986. New bivalves from the Datang Stage, Lower Carboniferous, Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Paleontology 60 (3): 669–679.