Belongs within: Cnidaria.
Contains: Nephtheidae, Gorgoniidae, Calcaxonia, Alcyoniidae, Plexauridae.
The Octocorallia, octocorals, are a well-defined group of mostly colonial cnidarians with polyps with eight tentacles and eight mesenteries, and often with pinnules on the tentacles (Daly et al. 2007). Past classifications of the octocorals have often recognised a distinction between the Gorgonaria (with a horny or calcareous axial skeleton) and the entirely soft-bodied Alcyonaria but phylogenetic studies have not recovered these groups as separate lineages.
<==Octocorallia CS-P86
| i. s.: Echmatocrinus Sprinkle 1973 A99, SM78 [Echmatocrinea, Echmatocrinida, Echmatocrinidae]
| `--*E. brachiatus Sprinkle 1973 SM78
| Moltkia minuta H75
| Petilavenula EL11
|--Coenothecalia CS-P86
|--Helioporacea DB07
| |--Epiphaxum [Lithotelestidae] DB07
| `--Heliopora [Helioporidae] DB07
| `--H. coerulea (Pallas 1766) M09
`--Alcyonacea [Alcyonaria, Alcyoniina, Gorgonacea, Gorgonaria, Holaxonia, Scleraxonia, Stolonifera] MG-H11
| i. s.: Acrossota DB07
| Clavulariidae DB07
| |--Carijoa MG-H11
| `--Stereotelesto MG-H11
| Pseudogorgia [Pseudogorgiidae] DB07
| `--P. godeffroyi DB07
| Protoalcyonaria DB07
| |--Haimeidae DB07
| `--Taiaroa [Taiaroidae] DB07
| `--T. tauhou DB07
| Calyptrophora Gray 1866 G66
| |--*C. japonica Gray 1866 G66
| `--C. wyvillei H04
| Homophyton Gray 1866 G66
| `--*H. gattyiae Gray 1866 G66
| Nicella OHO04
| |--N. dichotoma (Gray 1860) OHO04
| `--N. guadelupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1860) [=Verrucella guadelupensis] OHO04
| Platycaulos danielsseni H04
| Euplexaura parciclados H04
| Primnoella H04
| |--P. australasiae H04
| |--P. biserialis H04
| `--P. murrayi H04
| Stenella spinosa H04
| Juncella juncea H04
| Calypterinus allmani H04
| Juncea barbadensis H04
| Anthomuricea argentea H04
| Briareum RB14 [Briareidae DB07]
| `--B. asbestinum RB14
| Coralliidae DB07
| Parisis Verrill 1864 VMK09 [incl. Trinella Gray 1870 VMK09; Parisididae DB07]
| Leioptilus fimbriatus C-SC03
| Lobophytum H94
| |--L. crassum H94
| |--L. crebriplicatum H94
| |--L. cristagalli H94
| |--L. latilobatum H94
| `--L. pauciflorum Ehrenberg 1833 WG71
| Litophyton H94
| |--L. acutifolium H94
| `--L. stuhlmanni H94
| Heteroxenia H94
| Paralemnalia thyrsoides H94
| Parerythropodium fulvum H94
| Paralcyoniidae DB07
| |--Studeriotes MG-H11
| |--Paralcyonium DB07
| |--Ceeceenus DB07
| `--Maasella DB07
| Nephtheidae MG-H11
| Gorgoniidae DB07
| Keroeides MG-H11 [Keroeididae DB07]
| `--K. erythraea (Kükenthal 1904) MG-H11
|--Cornularia [Cornulariidae] BP14
| `--C. pabloi BP14
`--+--+--Calcaxonia BP14
| `--+--Alcyoniidae BP14
| `--Paragorgia [Paragorgiidae] BP14
| |--P. arborea BP14
| `--P. johnsoni BP14
`--+--Tubipora Linnaeus 1758 BP14, L58 [Tubiporidae]
| |--T. arenosa Linnaeus 1758 L58
| |--T. infundibuliformis Linnaeus 1758 L58
| |--T. musica Linnaeus 1758 M09
| |--T. repens Linnaeus 1758 L58
| |--T. serpens Linnaeus 1758 L58
| |--T. urceus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| `--T. verrucosa Linnaeus 1758 L58
`--+--Nidaliidae DB07
| |--Nidalia decurrens BP14
| `--Chironephthya dipsacea Wright & Stüder 1889 MG-H11
|--+--Siphonogorgia godeffroyi BP14
| `--+--Acanthoaxis wirtzi BP14
| `--Cryptophyton goddardi BP14
|--+--Alertigorgia mjoebergi (Broch 1916) BP14, MG-H11
| `--Melithaeidae G76
| |--Clathraria rubrinodis Gray 1859 G76
| |--Mopsella klunzingeri Kükenthal 1908 MG-H11
| |--Melithaea BP14
| `--Acabaria Gray 1859 G76
| |--A. biserialis Kükenthal 1908 [incl. Melitodes splendens Thomson & McQueen 1908] G76
| |--A. erythraea (Ehrenberg 1834) [=Mopsea erythraea] G76
| `--A. pulchra Hickson 1937 G76
`--+--+--Anthothelidae MG-H11
| | |--Solenocaulon ramosa Hickson 1903 MG-H11
| | `--Anthothela Verrill 1879 BP14, OHO04
| | `--A. vickersi (Benham 1928) OHO04
| `--+--Sinularia BP14
| | |--S. dura H94
| | `--S. eliatensis BP14
| `--Sarcophyton BP14
| |--S. acutangulum H94
| |--S. elegans H94
| |--S. glaucum LO02
| |--S. stolidotum H94
| `--S. trocheliophorum Marenzeller 1886 WG71
`--+--+--Nephthyigorgia BP14
| `--+--Rumphella BP14
| `--+--Eunephthya ericius BP14
| `--Capnella imbricata BP14
`--+--+--Annella BP14
| | |--A. mollis BP14
| | `--A. reticulata (Ellis & Solander 1786) MG-H11
| `--+--Muricea austera BP14
| `--Plexauridae BP14
`--+--Alaskagorgia BP14
`--+--+--Subergorgia [Subergorgiidae] BP14
| | |--S. hicksoni G76
| | |--S. kollikeri Wright & Stüder 1889 MG-H11
| | |--S. reticulata H94
| | `--S. suberosa BP14
| `--+--Psammogorgia simplex BP14
| |--Swiftia BP14
| | |--S. exserta BP14
| | `--S. pacifica BP14
| `--+--Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae BP14
| `--+--Pacifigorgia smithsoniana BP14
| `--Leptogorgia BP14
| |--L. cuspidata BP14
| `--L. virgulata KG03
`--+--Eunicella BP14
| |--E. cavolinii CV16
| |--E. stricta R79
| |--E. tricoronata BP14
| `--E. verrucosa PP15
`--+--+--Coelogorgia Milne-Edwards & Haime 1857 [Coelogorgiidae, Telestacea] BP14
| | `--*C. palmosa Milne-Edwrds & Haime 1857 BP14
| `--+--Lemnalia BP14
| `--+--Anthelia BP14 [Xeniidae DB07]
| | `--A. glauca BP14
| `--+--Cespitularia BP14
| | |--C. erecta BP14
| | `--C. multipinnata H94
| `--+--Sarcothelia edmondsoni BP14
| `--Sansibia BP14
`--+--Benryce BP14
`--+--Muriceides BP14
`--+--+--Echinomuricea BP14
| `--Paramuricea BP14 [Paramuriceinae, Stenogorgiinae DB07]
| |--P. grandis (Verrill 1883) MG-H11
| `--P. spinosa H04
`--Acanthogorgiidae G76
|--Muricella MG-H11
|--Versluysia ramosa (Thomson & Henderson 1906) MG-H11
|--Anthogorgia DB07
`--Acanthogorgia BP14
|--A. aspera BP14
|--A. breviflora Whitelegge 1897 (see below for synonymy) G76
`--A. longiflora H04
Acanthogorgia breviflora Whitelegge 1897 [incl. A. australiensis Hentschel 1903] G76
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
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[BP14] Bryce, M., & A. Poliseno. 2014. Two new records of octocorals (Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from north-west Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29 (2): 159–168.
[CV16] Cannon, J. T., B. C. Vellutini, J. Smith, III, F. Ronquist, U. Jondelius & A. Hejnol. 2016. Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa. Nature 530: 89–93.
[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny of Choanozoa, Apusozoa, and other Protozoa and early eukaryote megaevolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 540–563.
[CS-P86] Clausen, C., & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Cnidaria. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 33–42. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.
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[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091–1097.
[G76] Grasshoff, M. 1976. Gorgonaria aus den Riffen von Eilat, Rotes Meer (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 155–165.
[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. Description of two new forms of gorgonioid corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 24–27.
[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.
[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[H94] Humes, A. G. 1994. Two species of Paramolgus (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Lichomolgidae) associated with the scleractinian Pavona in New Caledonia with a key to the females of Paramolgus. Beaufortia 44 (1): 1–9.
[KG03] Kingsley, R. J., R. van Gilder, R. Z. LeGros & N. Watabe. 2003. Multimineral calcareous deposits in the marine alga Acetabularia acetabulum (Chlorophyta; Dasycladaceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 937–947.
[LO02] Lang, B. F., C. O’Kelly, T. Nerad, M. W. Gray & G. Burger. 2002. The closest unicellular relatives of animals. Current Biology 12: 1773–1778.
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O'Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.
[M09] McKinney, D. 2009. A survey of the scleractinian corals at Mermaid, Scott, and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 105–143.
[OHO04] Ocaña, O., J. C. den Hartog & L. P. van Ofwegen. 2004. Ring sea anemones, an overview (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria). Graellsia 60 (2): 143–154.
[PP15] Pisani, D., W. Pett, M. Dohrmann, R. Feuda, O. Rota-Stabelli, H. Philippe, N. Lartillot & G. Wörheide. 2015. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112 (50): 15402–15407.
[RB14] Rodríguez, E., M. S. Barbeitos, M. R. Brugler, L. M. Crowley, A. Grajales, L. Gusmão, V. Häussermann, A. Reft & M. Daly. 2014. Hidden among sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS One 9 (5): e96998.
[R79] Ryland, J. S. 1979. Structural and physiological aspects of coloniality in bryozoans. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 211–242. Academic Press: London.
[SM78] Sprinkle, J., & R. C. Moore. 1978. Echmatocrinea. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T405–T407. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[VMK09] Villarreal Manzanilla, O., & A. B. Kury. 2009. A new generic homonym in the Agoristenidae (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa 2045: 65–68.
[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.
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