Gorgonaria

Acabaria biserialis, copyright Fernando Herranz Martín.

Belongs within: Octocorallia.

The Gorgonaria, sea fans and sea whips, are commonly recognised as a group of octocorals with a supporting skeletal axis of scleroproteinous gorgonin and/or calcite (Daly et al. 2007). However, the monophyly of this group relatively to other octocoral taxa is uncertain.

<==Gorgonaria [Gorgonacea] MG-H11
    |--Calcaxonia DB07
    |    |--Chrysogorgiidae DB07
    |    |    |--Chrysogorgia MG-H11
    |    |    `--Metallogorgia MG-H11
    |    |--Dendrobrachia Brook 1889 O01 [Dendrobrachiidae DB07]
    |    |    `--D. fallax O01
    |    |--Ellisellidae DB07
    |    |    |--Dichotella gemmacea (Milne Edwards & Haime 1857) MH-G11
    |    |    |--Heliania racemosa (Wright & Stüder 1889) MG-H11
    |    |    |--Junceella juncea (Pallas 1766) MG-H11
    |    |    |--Viminella MG-H11
    |    |    |--Verrucella Milne Edwards & Haime 1857 OHO04
    |    |    |    `--V. miniacea (Stüder 1878) MG-H11
    |    |    `--Ellisella Gray 1858 OHO04
    |    |         |--E. ceylonensis (Nutting 1910) MG-H11
    |    |         `--E. ramosa H94
    |    |--Ifalukellidae DB07
    |    |--Isididae DB07
    |    `--Primnoidae DB07
    |         |--Primnoa antarctica G66
    |         |--Narella MG-H11
    |         `--Pseudoplumarella filicoides (Thomson & McKinnon 1911) MG-H11
    |--Holaxonia DB07
    |    |--Acanthogorgiidae G76
    |    |    |--Muricella MG-H11
    |    |    |--Versluysia ramosa (Thomson & Henderson 1906) MG-H11
    |    |    |--Acanthogorgia G76
    |    |    |    |--A. breviflora Whitelegge 1897 [incl. A. australiensis Hentschel 1903] G76
    |    |    |    `--A. longiflora H04
    |    |    `--Anthogorgia DB07
    |    |--Gorgoniidae DB07
    |    |    |--Gorgonia MH96
    |    |    |    |--G. flabellum Linnaeus 1758 DB07
    |    |    |    |--G. ventalina MH96
    |    |    |    `--G. verrucosa H04
    |    |    `--Antillogorgia bipinnata RB14
    |    |--Keroeides MG-H11 [Keroeididae DB07]
    |    |    `--K. erythraea (Kükenthal 1904) MG-H11
    |    `--Plexauridae DB07
    `--Scleraxonia G76
         |--Subergorgiidae G76
         |    |--Annella reticulata (Ellis & Solander 1786) MG-H11
         |    `--Subergorgia G76
         |         |--S. hicksoni G76
         |         |--S. kollikeri Wright & Stüder 1889 MG-H11
         |         `--S. reticulata H94
         |--Melithaeidae G76
         |    |--Clathraria rubrinodis Gray 1859 G76
         |    |--Mopsella klunzingeri Kükenthal 1908 MG-H11
         |    `--Acabaria Gray 1859 G76
         |         |--A. biserialis Kükenthal 1908 [incl. Melitodes splendens Thomson & McQueen 1908] G76
         |         |--A. erythraea (Ehrenberg 1834) [=Mopsea erythraea] G76
         |         `--A. pulchra Hickson 1937 G76
         |--Anthothelidae DB07
         |    |--Alertigorgia mjoebergi (Broch 1916) MG-H11
         |    |--Solenocaulon ramosa Hickson 1903 MG-H11
         |    `--Anthothela Verrill 1879 OHO04
         |         `--A. vickersi (Benham 1928) OHO04
         |--Briareum RB14 [Briareidae DB07]
         |    `--B. asbestinum RB14
         |--Coralliidae DB07
         |--Paragorgiidae DB07
         `--Parisis Verrill 1864 VMK09 [incl. Trinella Gray 1870 VMK09; Parisididae DB07]

Gorgonaria incertae sedis:
  Calyptrophora Gray 1866 G66
    |--*C. japonica Gray 1866 G66
    `--C. wyvillei H04
  Homophyton Gray 1866 G66
    `--*H. gattyiae Gray 1866 G66
  Nicella OHO04
    |--N. dichotoma (Gray 1860) OHO04
    `--N. guadelupensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti 1860) [=Verrucella guadelupensis] OHO04
  Platycaulos danielsseni H04
  Euplexaura parciclados H04
  Primnoella H04
    |--P. australasiae H04
    |--P. biserialis H04
    `--P. murrayi H04
  Stenella spinosa H04
  Juncella juncea H04
  Calypterinus allmani H04
  Juncea barbadensis H04
  Anthomuricea argentea H04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DB07] Daly, M., M. R. Brugler, P. Cartwright, A. G. Collins, M. N. Dawson, D. G. Fautin, S. C. France, C. S. McFadden, D. M. Opresko, E. Rodriguez, S. L. Romano & J. L. Stake. 2007. The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 1668: 127–182.

[G76] Grasshoff, M. 1976. Gorgonaria aus den Riffen von Eilat, Rotes Meer (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 155–165.

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. Description of two new forms of gorgonioid corals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 24–27.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H94] Humes, A. G. 1994. Two species of Paramolgus (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Lichomolgidae) associated with the scleractinian Pavona in New Caledonia with a key to the females of Paramolgus. Beaufortia 44 (1): 1–9.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O'Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[OHO04] Ocaña, O., J. C. den Hartog & L. P. van Ofwegen. 2004. Ring sea anemones, an overview (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria). Graellsia 60 (2): 143–154.

[O01] Opresko, D. M. 2001. Revision of the Antipatharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Part I. Establishment of a new family, Myriopathidae. Zoologische Mededelingen 75 (17): 343–370.

[RB14] Rodríguez, E., M. S. Barbeitos, M. R. Brugler, L. M. Crowley, A. Grajales, L. Gusmão, V. Häussermann, A. Reft & M. Daly. 2014. Hidden among sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS One 9 (5): e96998.

[VMK09] Villarreal Manzanilla, O. & A. B. Kury. 2009. A new generic homonym in the Agoristenidae (Arachnida: Opiliones). Zootaxa 2045: 65–68.