Ptychoparioidea

Holotype of Proteuloma monile monile, from Callaway (1877).

Belongs within: Ptychopariida.

The Ptychoparioidea are a group of trilobites known from the Lower Cambrian to the Lower Ordovician. The surface of the exoskeleton is granulate or tuberculate in Solenopleuridae but generally smooth in Ptychopariidae and Eulomidae (Harrington et al. 1959).

Characters (from Harrington et al. 1959, as Ptychopariacea): Exoskeleton elongate oval, opisthoparian, with relatively large thorax and small pygidium. Cephalon semicircular, with well-defined border, glabella tapering forward, generally with three or four pairs of more or less distinct lateral glabellar furrows, with rounded or truncate front separated from border by a short to relatively long, moderately convex to flat (or rarely concave) preglabellar field; facial sutures converging or diverging in front of eyes, eye ridges commonly present; librigenae commonly with genal spines of short to medium length. Thorax composed of 12 to 17 segments; axis moderately convex, sharply defined; pleurae nearly flat, with distinct grooves. Pygidium with few segments, lacking border. Surface generally smooth.

<==Ptychoparioidea [Ptychopariacea, Solenopleuracea]
    |--Ptychoparia Corda 1847 W77 [Ptychopariidae SS84]
    |    |--P. howchini Etheridge 1898 F71
    |    |--P. kingii (Meek 1870) [=Conocoryphe (Conocephalites) kingii] W77
    |    `--P. striata FO99
    |--Eulomidae [Eulomatidae, Eulominae] S80
    |    |--Dolgeuloma Rosova 1963 S80
    |    |--Pseudoacrocephalites Maximova 1962 S80
    |    |--Lopeuloma Rosova 1968 S80
    |    |--Loparella Rosova 1968 S80
    |    |--Euloma Angelin 1854 S80
    |    |    `--E. laeve SS84
    |    |--Proteuloma Sdzuy 1955 S80
    |    |    |--*P. geinitzi (Barrande 1868) (see below for synonymy) SS84
    |    |    |--P. debila Ergaliev 1980 SS84
    |    |    |--P. monile SS84
    |    |    |    |--P. m. monile SS84
    |    |    |    `--P. m. praemonile SS84
    |    |    `--P. primordiale (Westergård 1909) [=Euloma primordiale] SS84
    |    |--Plecteuloma Shergold 1975 S80
    |    |    `--*P. strix (Shergold 1975) [=Euloma (Plecteuloma) strix] S80
    |    |--Duplora Shergold 1972 S80
    |    |    `--D. clara Shergold 1972 S80
    |    |--Iveria Shergold 1980 S80
    |    |    `--*I. iverensis Shergold 1980 S80
    |    |--Taenicephalites Rasetti 1961 SS84, S80 [Parabolinoididae]
    |    |    |--*T. macrops Rasetti 1961 S80
    |    |    `--T. plerus Shergold 1980 S80
    |    |--Pareuloma Rasetti 1954 SS84
    |    |--Bilacunaspis Petrunina 1973 SS84
    |    |--Lateuloma Dean 1973 SS84
    |    |--Probilacunaspis Ergaliev 1980 SS84
    |    |--Eulomina Růžička 1926 SS84
    |    |--Eulomella Kobayashi 1955 SS84
    |    |--Pesaia SS84
    |    |--Olentella SS84
    |    |--Kujandaspis SS84
    |    `--Ketyna karatauensis SS84
    `--Solenopleuridae F05
         |  i. s.: Solenopleurina Růžička 1938 F05
         |         Braintreella Wheeler 1942 F05
         |           `--B. rogersi (Walcott 1884) F05
         |         Brunswickia Howell 1937 F05
         |           `--B. robbii (Hartt in Dawson 1868) F05
         |         Parasolenopleura Westergård 1953 [incl. Atopiaspis Geyer 1998] F05
         |           |--*P. aculeata (Angelin 1851) [=Calymene aculeata] F05
         |           |--P. gregaria (Billings 1865) (see below for synonymy) F05
         |           |--P. ouangondiana (Hartt in Dawson 1868) F05
         |           |--P. tenera (Hartt in Dawson 1868) [=Liostracus tener] F05
         |           `--‘Atopiaspis’ tikasraynensis Geyer 1998 F05
         |         Rimouskia Resser 1938 SS84
         |--Solenopleurinae SS84
         |    |--Solenopleura F05
         |    |    |--*S. holometopa (Angelin 1851) [=Calymene holometopa] F05
         |    |    `--‘Calymene’ canaliculata Angelin 1851 F05
         |    `--Jincella Šnajdr 1957 SS84
         |         |--*J. prantli (Růžička 1944) [=Solenopleura prantli] SS84
         |         `--J. brachymetopa P79
         `--Solenopleuropsinae [Saoidae] SS84
              |--Solenopleuropsis Thoral 1947 SS84
              |    |--*S. rouayrouxi (Munier-Chalmas & Bergeron 1889) [=Conocoryphe rouayrouxi] SS84
              |    |--S. marginata Sdzuy 1958 SS84
              |    |--S. pustulosa Thoral 1948 SS84
              |    |--S. ribeiroi (de Verneuil & Barrande 1860) [=Conocephalites ribeiro] SS84
              |    `--S. thorali Sdzuy 1958 SS84
              |--Badulesia Sdzuy 1967 SS84, F05
              |    |--*B. granieri (Thoral 1935) [=Liostracus granieri] F05
              |    |--B. tenera Hartt in Dawson 1868 [incl. Pardailhania barthouxi (Mansuy 1922)] SS84
              |    `--+--B. juliverti Dszuy 1968 SS84
              |       `--Pardailhania Thoral 1947 SS84
              |            |--*P. hispida (Thoral 1935) [=Solenopleura hispida] SS84
              |            |--P. hispanica Sdzuy 1958 SS84
              |            `--P. multispinosa Thoral 1948 SS84
              |--Sao Barrande 1846 SS84
              `--Velieuxia Courtessole 1973 SS84
                   `--*V. couloumana (Miquel 1905) [=Pardailhania couloumana] SS84

Parasolenopleura gregaria (Billings 1865) [=Bathyurus gregarius; incl. Solenopleura cristata Linnarsson 1877, Parasolenopleura cristata, P. lemdadensis Geyer 1998] F05

*Proteuloma geinitzi (Barrande 1868) [=Conocephalites geinitzi, Euloma (Proteuloma) geinitzi, Pareuloma (Pr.) geinitzi] SS84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F05] Fletcher, T. P. 2005. Holaspid variation in the solenopleurid trilobite Parasolenopleura gregaria (Billings, 1865) from the Cambrian of Newfoundland. Palaeontology 48 (5): 1075–1089.

[FO99] Fortey, R. A., & R. M. Owens. 1999. Feeding habits in trilobites. Palaeontology 42 (3): 429–465.

Harrington, H. J., G. Henningsmoen et al. 1959. Systematic descriptions. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt O. Arthropoda 1 pp. O170-O540. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.

[P79] Palmer, A. R. 1979. Cambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A119–A135. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S80] Shergold, J. H. 1980. Late Cambrian trilobites from the Chatsworth Limestone, western Queensland. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics—Bulletin 186: 1–111.

[SS84] Shergold, J. H., & K. Sdzuy. 1984. Cambrian and early Tremadocian trilobites from Sultan Dağ, central Turkey. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 65 (1–3): 51–135.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.