Blastozoa

Specimens of the Cambrian Gogia spiralis, from here.

Belongs within: Echinodermata.
Contains: Diploporita, Dichoporita, Paracrinoidea, Blastoidea.

The Blastozoa are a group of mostly stalked Palaeozoic echinoderms, distinguished by the possession of brachioles, axial appendages extending from branches in ambulacral rays (Mooi 2001). The relationships of blastozoans to other echinoderms remain contentious: some regard them as an extinct clade, while others regard the crinoids as a derived subgroup. Many of the taxa listed on this page have been included in the Lower Cambrian to Silurian 'Eocrinoidea', with sutural pores often present between the plates of the theca (Ubaghs 1967), but most authors agree that the 'eocrinoids' are probably paraphyletic with regard to other blastozoans.

<==Blastozoa [Eocrinoidea]
    |--Lepidocystis Foerste 1938 M01, K67 [Imbricata, Lepidocystoidea]
    |    `--*L. wanneri Foerste 1938 D67
    `--+--+--Balantiocystis A99
       |  `--+--Cystoidea [Anthodiata, Cystidea, Cystideae, Cystideen, Cystoidia, Hydrophoridea] K67
       |     |    |  i. s.: Larites (n. d.) K67
       |     |    |--Diploporita A99
       |     |    `--+--+--Cambrocrinus regularis A99
       |     |       |  `--Ridersia watsonae A99
       |     |       `--Rhombifera M01
       |     |            |  i. s.: Cuniculocystis EL11
       |     |            |--Dichoporita U78
       |     |            `--Fistuliporita U78
       |     `--+--+--Paracrinoidea M01
       |        |  `--Blastoidea M01
       |        `--Blastocystidae F67 [Parablastida, Parablastoidea M01]
       |             |--Blastocystis Jaekel 1918 F67
       |             |    `--*B. rossica Jaekel 1918 F67
       |             `--Blastoidocrinus Billings 1859 F67
       |                  `--*B. carchariaedens Billings 1859 F67 [=Blastocystis carchariaedeus J18]
       `--Atava J18
            |--Ascocystites Barrande 1887 J18, U67 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |--*A. drabowensis Barrande 1887 [=*Ascocystis drabowensis] U67
            |    `--A. barrandei Jaekel 1918 J18
            `--Eocrinidae [Acanthocystida] J18
                 |--Eocystites Billings 1868 U67 [=Eocystis Bather 1900 J18, U67]
                 |    `--*E. primaevus Billings 1868 [=*Eocystis primaevus] U67
                 |--Protocystites Hicks 1872 J18, U67 [=Protocystis Bather 1900 non Wallich 1862 U67]
                 |--Acanthocystites Barrande 1887 [=Acanthocystis Bather 1889 non Carter 1863] U67
                 |    `--*A. briareus Barrande 1887 [=*Acanthocystis briareus] U67
                 |--Cigara Barrande 1887 J18, U67
                 |    `--*C. dusli Barrande 1887 U67
                 |--Gogia Walcott 1917 A99, U67 [incl. Eocrinus Jaekel 1918 U67]
                 |    |--*G. prolifica Walcott 1917 U67
                 |    |--G. granulosa SR78
                 |    |--‘Eocystites’ longidactylus Walcott 1886 [=*Eocrinus longidactylus] U67
                 |    |--G. palmeri SR78
                 |    `--G. spiralis U67
                 `--Akadocrinus Prokop 1962 [incl. Compsocrinus Perner in Želízko 1911 (n. n.) non Miller 1883] U67
                      |--*A. jani Prokop 1962 U67
                      `--A. nuntius U67

Blastozoa incertae sedis:
  Lichenoides Barrande 1846 [=Lichenocystis Haeckel 1896; Lichenoidae, Lichenoididae] U67
    `--*L. priscus Barrande 1846 [=*Lichenocystis priscus] U67
  Rhipidocystidae [Batherocystidae] LS87
    |--Batherocystis Bassler 1950 LS87
    |    `--*B. appressa Bassler 1950 U67
    |--Rhipidocystis Jaekel 1901 LS87
    |    |--*R. gigas Jaekel 1900 U67
    |    |--R. baltica U67
    |    `--R. oepiki U67
    `--+--Mandalacystis Lewis, Sprinkle et al. 1987 LS87
       |    `--*M. dockeryi Lewis, Sprinkle et al. 1987 LS87
       `--Petalocystites Sprinkle 1973 LS87
            `--P. ikecanensis LS87
  Archaeocystites Barrande 1887 [=Archaeocystis Haeckel 1896] U67
  Cardiocystites Barrande 1887 [=Cardiocystis Bather 1900] U67
    `--*C. bohemicus Barrande 1887 [=*Cardiocystis bohemicus] U67
  Lapillocystites Barrande 1887 [=Lapillocystis Bather 1889] U67
    `--*L. fragilis Barrande 1887 [=*Lapillocystis fragilis] U67
  Lingulocystis Thoral 1935 [Lingulocystidae] U67
    `--*L. elongata Thoral 1935 U67
  Palaeocystites Billings 1858 [=Palaeocystis Haeckel 1896; Palaeocystida, Palaeocystitidae] U67
    |--*P. tenuiradiatus (Hall 1847) [=Actinocrinus tenuiradiatus] U67
    `--P. dawsoni U67
  Pilocystites Barrande 1887 U67
    `--*P. primitivus Barrande 1887 U67
  Springerocystidae U67
    |--Springerocystis Bassler 1950 U67
    |    `--*S. longicollis Bassler 1950 U67
    |--Bockia Gekker 1938 U67
    |    `--*B. neglecta Gekker 1938 U67
    |--Columbocystis Bassler 1950 U67
    |    `--*C. typica Bassler 1950 U67
    `--Foerstecystis Bassler 1950 U67
         `--*F. obliqua Bassler 1950 U67
  Trachelocrinus Ulbich 1929 K67
  Rhopalocystis Ubaghs 1963 [Rhopalocystidae] U67
    `--*R. destombesi Ubaghs 1963 U67
  Pareocrinus Yakovlev 1956 U67
    `--*P. ljubzovi Yakovlev 1956 U67
  Alanisicystis EL11
  Cupulocorona [Coronoidea] EL11

Ascocystites Barrande 1887 J18, U67 [=Ascocrinus Barrande 1887 (n. n.) non Tromelin & Lebesconte 1876 U67, Ascocystis Bather 1889 U67; Ascocystida, Ascocystidae, Ascocystitidae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ausich, W. I. 1999. Origin of crinoids. In Echinoderm Research 1998 (M. D. Candia Carnevali & F. Bonasoro, eds) pp. 237-242. A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam.

[D67] Durham, J. W. 1967. Lepidocystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S631-S634. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091-1097.

[F67] Fay, R. O. 1967. Parablastoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S293-S296. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1-128.

[K67] Kesling, R. V. 1967. Cystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 1 pp. S85-S267. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LS87] Lewis, R. D., J. Sprinkle, J. B. Bailey, J. Moffit & R. L. Parsley. 1987. Mandalacystis, a new rhipidocystid eocrinoid from the Whiterockian stage (Ordovician) in Oklahoma and Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 61 (6): 1222-1235.

[M01] Mooi, R. 2001. Not all written in stone: Interdisciplinary syntheses in echinoderm paleontology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 1209-1231.

[SR78] Sprinkle, J., & R. A. Robison. 1978. Addendum to subphylum Homalozoa: Ctenocystoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds) vol. 3 pp. T998-T1002. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U67] Ubaghs, G. 1967. Eocrinoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S455-S495. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Classification of the echinoderms. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea (R. C. Moore & C. Teichert, eds) vol. 1 p. T359-T367. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).