Ophiacanthidae

Ophiacantha bidentata, copyright Claude Nozères.

Belongs within: Ophiuroidea.

The Ophiacanthidae are a group of brittle stars with slender arms bearing numerous long, often glassy spines (Spencer & Wright 1966).

Characters (from Spencer & Wright 1966): Arms slender, commonly constricted at nodes. Dorsal and ventral arm plates very small. Arm spines long, numerous, at angle to arm, commonly glassy and serrate. Disc with granules and spinules. Distal vertebrae may be partly divided longitudinally by series of pores.

<==Ophiacanthidae [Ophiomycetidae]
    |--Sinophiura multispina (Koehler 1922) MG-H11
    |--Ophiomedea Koehler 1906 F61
    |    `--*O. duplicata Koehler 1906 SW66
    |--Ophiocamax Lyman 1878 SW66
    |    `--*O. vitrea Lyman 1878 SW66
    |--Ophiocymbium Lyman 1880 SW66
    |    `--*O. cavernosum Lyman 1880 SW66
    |--Ophiolimna Verrill 1899 SW66
    |    `--*O. bairdi (Lyman 1883) [=Ophiacantha bairdi] SW66
    |--Ophiotoma Lyman 1883 [incl. Ophiopora Verrill 1899] SW66
    |    `--*O. coriacea Lyman 1883 [incl. O. bartletti Lyman 1883] sW66
    |--Ophiotrema Koehler 1896 SW66
    |    `--*O. alberti Koehler 1896 SW66
    |--Glaciacantha Fell 1961 F61
    |    `--*G. jason Fell 1961 F61
    |--Amphipsila Verrill 1899 SW66
    |    `--*A. maculata Verrill 1899 SW66
    |--Microphiura Mortensen 1911 SW66
    |    `--*M. decipiens Mortensen 1911 SW66
    |--Ophiacanthella Verrill 1899 SW66
    |    `--*O. troscheli (Lyman 1878) [=Ophiacantha troscheli] SW66
    |--Ophialcaea Verrill 1899 SW66
    |    `--*O. tuberculosa (Lyman 1878) [=Ophiacantha tuberculosa] SW66
    |--Ophiambix Lyman 1880 SW66
    |    `--*O. aculeatus Lyman 1880 SW66
    |--Ophientrema Verrill 1899 SW66
    |    `--*O. scolopendrica (Lyman 1883) [=Ophiacantha scolopendrica] SW66
    |--Ophioblenna Lütken 1859 SW66
    |    `--*O. antillensis Lütken 1859 SW66
    |--Ophiochondrella Verrill 1899 SW66
    |    `--*O. squamosa (Lyman 1883) [=Ophiochondrus squamosus] SW66
    |--Ophiocopa Lyman 1883 SW66
    |    `--*O. spatula Lyman 1883 SW66
    |--Ophiodaces Koehler 1922 SW66
    |    `--*O. inanis Koehler 1922 SW66
    |--Ophiodelos Koehler 1931 SW66
    |    `--*O. insignis Koehler 1931 SW66
    |--Ophiodictys Koehler 1922 SW66
    |    `--*O. uncinatus Koehler 1922 SW66
    |--Ophiogema Koehler 1922 SW66
    |    `--*O. punctata Koehler 1922 SW66
    |--Ophioglyphoida Chapman 1934 SW66
    |    `--*O. fosteri (Chapman 1934) [=Ophiacantha (*Ophioglyphoida) fosteri] SW66
    |--Ophiolebes Lyman 1878 SW66
    |    `--*O. scorteus Lyman 1878 SW66
    |--Ophiologimus Clark 1911 SW66
    |    `--*O. hexactis Clark 1911 SW66
    |--Ophiomelina Koehler 1922 SW66
    |    `--*O. placida (Koehler 1904) [=Ophiomitrella placida] SW66
    |--Ophiomitra Lyman 1869 SW66
    |    `--*O. valida Lyman 1869 SW66
    |--Ophiomytis Koehler 1904 SW66
    |    `--*O. weberi Koehler 1904 SW66
    |--Ophiophrura Clark 1911 SW66
    |    `--*O. liodisca Clark 1911 SW66
    |--Ophiopinna Hess 1960 SW66
    |    `--*O. elegans (Heller 1858) [=Geocoma elegans] SW66
    |--Ophioplinthaca Verrill 1899 SW66
    |    `--*O. dipsacos (Lyman 1878) [=Ophiomitra dipsacos] SW66
    |--Ophioprium Clark 1915 SW66
    |    `--*O. curvicornis (Lyman 1883) [=Ophiacantha curvicornis] SW66
    |--Ophioripa Koehler 1922 SW66
    |    `--*O. marginata Koehler 1922 SW66
    |--Ophiosparte Koehler 1922 SW66
    |    `--*O. gigas Koehler 1922 SW66
    |--Ophiothauma Clark 1938 SW66
    |    `--*O. heptactis Clark 1938 SW66
    |--Ophiotholia Lyman 1880 SW66
    |    `--*O. supplicans Lyman 1880 SW66
    |--Ophiomitrella Verrill 1899 SW66
    |    |--*O. laevipellis (Lyman 1883) [=Ophiacantha laevipellis] SW66
    |    `--O. clavigera BK77
    |--Ophiomyces Lyman 1869 SW66
    |    |--*O. frutectosus Lyman 1869 SW66
    |    `--O. delata Koehler 1904 MG-H11
    |--Ophiophthalmus Matsumoto 1917 [incl. Ophiosemnotes Matsumoto 1917] SW66
    |    |--*O. cataleimmoidus (Clark 1911) [=Ophiacantha cataleimmoida] SW66
    |    `--O. relictus (Koehler 1904) MG-H11
    |--Ophiothamnus Lyman 1869 [incl. Ophioleda Koehler 1906] SW66
    |    |--*O. vicarius Lyman 1869 SW66
    |    `--O. biocal O’Hara & Stöhr 2006 MG-H11
    |--Ophiurothamnus Matsumoto 1917 SW66
    |    |--*O. dicylus (Clark 1911) [=Ophiomitra dicyla] SW66
    |    `--O. clausa (Lyman 1878) MG-H11
    |--Ophioplinthaca MG-H11
    |    |--O. plicata (Lyman 1878) MG-H11
    |    `--O. rudis (Koehler 1897) MG-H11
    |--Amphilimna Verrill 1899 MG-H11, SW66
    |    |--*A. olivacea (Lyman 1869) [=Ophiocnida olivacea] SW66
    |    |--A. granulosa Liao 1989 MG-H11
    |    `--A. transacta (Koehler 1930) MG-H11
    |--Ophiotreta Verrill 1899 MG-H11, SW66
    |    |--O. eximia (Koehler 1904) MG-H11
    |    |--O. stimulea (Lyman 1878) MG-H11
    |    `--O. valenciennesi (Lyman 1879) MG-H11
    `--Ophiacantha Müller & Troschel 1842 (see below for synonymy) SW66
         |--O. bidentata (Retzius 1805) [=Asterias bidentata; incl. *O. spinulosa Müller & Troschel 1842] SW66
         |--O. abyssicola K-MC02
         |--O. alternata Koehler 1907 MG-H11
         |--O. anomala BK77
         |--O. brachygnatha Clark 1928 MG-H11
         |--O. clavigera Clark 1966 MG-H11
         |--O. dallasi (Duncan 1879) MG-H11
         |--O. disjuncta (Koehler 1911) LR06
         |--O. indica Ljungman 1867 MG-H11
         |--O. pacata Koehler 1922 MG-H11
         |--O. rosea Lyman 1878 MG-H11
         `--O. spectabilis Sars 1871 MG-H11

Ophiacantha Müller & Troschel 1842 [incl. Ophiectodia Verrill 1899, Ophientodia Verrill 1899, Ophiodiplax Koehler 1911, Ophiopristis Verrill 1899, Ophioscalus Verrill 1899] SW66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[F61] Fell, H. B. 1961. New genera and species of Ophiuroidea from Antarctica. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (4): 839–841.

[K-MC02] Klein-MacPhee, G., & B. B. Collette. 2002. Scorpionfishes. Family Scorpaenidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 331–338. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[LR06] Lanterbecq, D., G. W. Rouse, M. C. Milinkovitch & I. Eeckhaut. 2006. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate multiple independent emergences of parasitism in Myzostomida (Protostomia). Systematic Biology 55 (2): 208–227.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[SW66] Spencer, W. K., & C. W. Wright. 1966. Asterozoans. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 1 pp. U4–U107. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.