Santalaceae

Sandalwood Santalum lanceolatum, from here.

Belongs within: Santalales.

The Santalaceae are a cosmopolitan group of semi-parasitic or parasitic flowering plants. The ancestral habit of the family is as terrestrially growing root semi-parasites but aerial stem parastism has evolved within the Santalaceae on more than one occasion. Some members of the family such as Indian sandalwood Santalum album are valued for their highly aromatic wood, which has unfortunately lead to some species becoming endangered.

Characters (from Allan 1961): Trees, shrubs or herbs, sometimes parasitic, with usually opposite, entire, exstipulate, sometimes scale-like leaves. Inflorescence various, often of racemes or spikes; flowers minute, regular, perfect to unisexual. Perianth of one series of four or five sepaloid or petaloid valvate tepals; stamens opposite tepals; filaments short, anthers 2-celled, basifixed on short filaments. Ovary inferior, embedded in receptacle, or superior, 1-loculed; carpels (2)-3-5; ovules usually 3, pendulous on basal placentae; stigma capitate to 3-5-lobed. Fruit nut-like to drupaceous; seed without testa, embryo straight, endosperm fleshy.

<==Santalaceae [Amphorogynaceae, Cervantesiaceae, Comandraceae, Nanodeaceae, Thesiaceae, Viscaceae, Viscoideae] APG16
    |--Okoubaka T00
    |--Phacellaria YY22
    |--Anthobolus YY22
    |--Buckleya lanceolata LO98
    |--Pyrularia pubera YY22, EBS98
    |--Omphacomeria YY22
    |--Campereia YY22
    |--Colpoon YY22
    |--Nanodea YY22
    |--Osyris alba YY22, R-RR-GM-S98
    |--Scleromelum YY22
    |--Sclerophyron YY22
    |--Jordina rhombifolia MF05
    |--Quinchamalium NDA05
    |--Thesianthium inclusum Conwentz 1886 CBH93
    |--Santalumidtes cainozoicus CBH93
    |--Viscoxylon haustoria Selmeier 1975 CBH93
    |--Notothixos B00b
    |    |--N. incanus B00b
    |    `--N. leiophyllus B00a
    |--Mida Cunningham ex Engl. 1837 A61
    |    `--M. salicifolia Cunningham 1838 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |         |--M. s. var. salicifolia A61
    |         `--M. s. var. myrtifolia (Cunningham) Allan 1961 [=M. myrtifolia Cunningham 1838] A61
    |--Ginalloa H03
    |    |--G. arnottiana H03
    |    |--G. flagellaris H03
    |    `--G. nuda H03
    |--Comandra umbellata H93
    |    |--C. u. ssp. umbellata H93
    |    |--C. u. ssp. californica H93
    |    `--C. u. ssp. pallida H93
    |--Choretrum OS04
    |    |--C. glomeratum OS04
    |    |    |--C. g. var. glomeratum OS04
    |    |    `--C. g. var. chrysanthum OS04
    |    |--C. pritzelii Mol93
    |    `--C. spicatum C08
    |--Dendrophthora J87
    |    |--D. brachystacha J87
    |    |--D. carnosa J87
    |    |--D. cupressoides J87
    |    |--D. serpyllifolia J87
    |    `--D. versicolor J87
    |--Exocarpus Labill. 1798 A61
    |    |--E. aphylla MM09
    |    |--E. bidwillii Hooker 1854 A61
    |    |--E. cupressiformis MM09
    |    |--E. latifolius VT13
    |    |--E. sparteus MM09
    |    `--E. strictus B00a
    |--Thesium CV06
    |    |--T. bergeri Zuccarini 1837 PL04
    |    |--T. emodi O88
    |    |--T. himalense O88
    |    |--T. kernerianum H09
    |    |--T. linophyllon [incl. T. divaricatum] H91
    |    `--T. xerophyticum CV06
    |--Santalum BR65
    |    |--S. acuminatum OS04
    |    |--S. album SK02
    |    |--S. fernandezianum D81
    |    |--S. lanceolatum BR65
    |    |    |--S. l. var. lanceolatum BR65
    |    |    `--S. l. var. angustifolium BR65
    |    `--S. spicatum G04
    |--Leptomeria RL05
    |    |--L. cunninghamii RL05
    |    |--L. lehmannii GK00
    |    |--L. pauciflora GK00
    |    |--L. preissiana B00b
    |    |--L. scrobiculata GK00
    |    |--L. spinosa GK00
    |    `--L. squarrulosa GK00
    |--Korthalsella Tiegh. 1896 A61
    |    |--K. amentacea [=Heterixia amentacea] C06
    |    |--K. breviarticulata B00a
    |    |--K. japonica RR02
    |    |--K. lindsayi (Oliver) Engl. 1897 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--K. l. var. lindsayi A61
    |    |    `--K. l. var. clavata (Kirk) Danser 1937 [=Viscum clavatum Kirk 1892, K. clavata Cheeseman 1906] A61
    |    |--K. rubra B00a
    |    `--K. salicornioides (Cunn.) Van Tieghem 1896 [=Viscum salicornioides Cunn. 1839] A61
    |--Viscum CD07
    |    |--V. album Linnaeus 1753 CD07
    |    |--V. articulatum P03
    |    |--V. cruciatum H03
    |    |--V. miquelii JD05
    |    |--V. orientale P03
    |    |--V. ovalifolium LK14
    |    `--V. whitei LK14
    |         |--V. w. ssp. whitei LK14
    |         `--V. w. ssp. flexicaule LK14
    |--Phoradendron J87
    |    |--P. anceps J87
    |    |--P. bolleanum BT72
    |    |--P. californicum [incl. P. californicum var. distans] H93
    |    |--P. densum [=P. bolleanum var. densum] H93
    |    |--P. juniperinum [incl. P. juniperinum var. ligatum] H93
    |    |--P. leucarpum MS10 [=P. californicum var. leucocarpum H93]
    |    |--P. libocedri [=P. juniperinum var. libocedri] H93
    |    |--P. macrophyllum [=P. flavescens var. macrophyllum, P. tomentosum var. macrophyllum] H93
    |    |--P. pauciflorum [=P. bolleanum var. pauciflorum] H93
    |    |--P. piperoides J87
    |    |--P. tomentosum H93
    |    `--P. villosum [=P. flavescens var. villosum] H93
    `--Arceuthobium NDA05
         |--A. abietinum [=A. campylopodum f. abietinum] H93
         |--A. americanum H93
         |--A. bicarinatum N96
         |--A. californicum H93
         |--A. campylopodum H93
         |--A. cryptopodum [=Razamofskya cryptopoda] N96
         |--A. cyanocarpum [=A. campylopodum f. cyanocarpum] H93
         |--A. divaricatum [=A. campylopodum f. divaricatum] H93
         |--A. douglasii H93
         |--A. littorum H93
         |--A. monticola H93
         |--A. occidentale H93
         |--A. pusillium Moc93
         |--A. siskiyouense H93
         `--A. tsugense [=A. campylopodum f. tsugense] H93
              |--A. t. ssp. tsugense H93
              `--A. t. ssp. mertensianae H93

Korthalsella lindsayi (Oliver) Engl. 1897 [=Viscum lindsayi Oliver ex Hooker 1864, Heterixia lindsayi Van Tieghem 1896] A61

Mida salicifolia Cunningham 1838 [incl. Santalum cunninghamii Hooker 1854, M. cunninghamii (Hooker) Chatin 1891, Fusanus cunninghamii Benth. & Hooker ex Kirk 1889, M. eucalyptoides Cunningham 1838, Santalum mida Hook. 1843] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[EBS98] Elliott, K. J., L. R. Boring & W. T. Swank. 1998. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity after grass-to-forest succession in a southern Appalachian watershed. American Midland Naturalist 140: 219–232.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[Moc93] Mockford, E. L. 1993. North American Psocoptera (Insecta). Sandhill Crane Press, Inc.

[Mol93] Mollemans, F. H. 1993. Drummondita wilsonii, Philotheca langei and P. basistyla (Rutaceae), new species from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 9: 95–109.

[MF05] Monserrat, V. J. & S. de Freitas. 2005. Contribución al conocimiento de los crisópidos de Coquimbo, Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego (Argentina, Chile) (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae). Graellsia 61 (2): 163–179.

[MS10] Moore, M. J., P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, J. G. Burleigh & D. E. Soltis. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (10): 4623–4628.

[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species. Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.

[N96] Neunzig, H. H. 1996. New species of Phycitinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from the Dominican Republic. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 774–801.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[RR02] Ramachandran, V. S., & S. P. Raj. 2002. A note on the additional host range for the genus Korthasella van Tiegh. family Loranthaceae, from Nilgiris, southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 560.

[R-RR-GM-S98] Ramil-Rego, P., M. Rodríguez-Guitián & C. Muñoz-Sobrino. 1998. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7: 335–351.

[SK02] Sumithramma, N., A. R. V. Kumar, K. Chandrashekara & D. Rajagopal. 2002. Plant selection for nesting by Oecophylla smaragdina, Hymenoptera: Formicidae: do physical features affect the choice of the plant? Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 408–412.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[VT13] Vigilante, T., J. Toohey, A. Gorring, V. Blundell, T. Saunders, S. Mangolamara, K. George, J. Oobagooma, M. Waina, K. Morgan & K. Doohan. 2013. Island country: aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 145–182.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 29 August 2020.