Linguliformea

Micromitra sculptilis, from Dedimyk.

Belongs within: Brachiopoda.
Contains: Acrotretidae, Linguloidea, Discinacea.

The Linguliformea are one of the major subgroups within the brachiopods, containing the phosphatic-shelled species. They are represented in the modern fauna by the Discinacea and Linguloidea, with the remaining subgroups being extinct. The Cambrian to Silurian Acrotretida differ from other linguliforms in having shells with columnar lamination (Holmer et al. 2002), in contrast to other groups with lamellae of a uniform composition or the baculate lamellae of the Linguloidea. The Upper Cambrian to Ordovician Siphonotretidae have a biconvex shell that is usually ornamented with hollow spines; the pedicel foramen is apical and circular or extending anteriorly to form an elongate triangular track (Rowell 1965).

Characters (from Williams & Holmer 2002): Shell laminar, organophosphatic, attached by a pedicel developing as an outgrowth of the posterior body wall; gut U-shaped with both mouth and anus opening into mantle cavity.

<==Linguliformea [Lingulata, Lingulatea]
    |  i. s.: Oepikites WH02
    |--Acrotretida [Acrotretacea, Acrotretidina] RNP03
    |    |  i. s.: Discotreta Ulrich & Cooper 1936 R65
    |    |           `--*D. levisensis (Walcott 1908) [=Acrothele levisensis] R65
    |    |         Oxlosia Ulrich & Cooper 1936 [=Eunoa Clarke 1902 non Malmgren 1867] R65
    |    |           |--*O. accola (Clarke 1902) [=*Eunoa accola] R65
    |    |           `--O. perplexa R65
    |    |         Schizobolus Ulrich 1886 R65
    |    |           `--S. concentricus (Vanuxem 1842) (see below for synonymy) R65
    |    |--Acrotretidae WR65
    |    `--Curticia Walcott 1905 [Curticiidae] R65
    |         `--*C. elegantula Walcott 1905 R65
    `--+--Siphonotretidae [Siphonotretacea, Siphonotretaeae, Siphonotretida] R65
       |    |--Siphonotreta de Verneuil 1845 R65
       |    |    `--*S. unguiculata (Eichwald 1829) [=Crania unguiculata] R65
       |    |--Helmersenia Pander 1861 R65
       |    |    `--*H. lagodensis (Zheremezhev 1856) [=Siphonotreta ladogensis] R65
       |    |--Schizambon Walcott 1884 HSW02, R65 [=Schizambonia (l. c.) R65]
       |    |    `--*S. typicalis Walcott 1884 R65
       |    |--Dysoristus Bell 1944 [=Dysozistus (l. c.)] R65
       |    |    |--*D. lochmanae Bell 1944 R65
       |    |    `--D. transversa R65
       |    `--Multispinula Rowell 1962 R65
       |         |--*M. macrothyris (Cooper 1956) [=Schizambon macrothyris] R65
       |         `--M. subradiata R65
       |--Paterinata RNP03
       |    |  i. s.: Askepasma Laurie 1986 SB09
       |    |         Aldanotreta EL11
       |    `--Paterinida RNP03
       |         |  i. s.: Volborthia von Möller 1870 R65
       |         |           `--*V. recurva (Kutorga 1848) [=Acrotreta recurva] R65
       |         |         Walcottina Cobbold 1921 R65
       |         |           `--*W. lapworthi Cobbold 1921 R65
       |         `--Paterinidae [Paterinacea] RNP03
       |              |--Dictyonina Cooper 1942 [=Iphidella Walcott 1912 non Walcott 1905] R65
       |              |    `--*D. pannula (White 1874) [=Trematis pannulus, *Iphidella pannula] R65
       |              |--Dictyonites Cooper 1956 R65
       |              |    `--*D. perforata Cooper 1956 R65
       |              |--Paterina Beecher 1891 [incl. Iphidea Billings 1872 non Bayley 1865, Iphidella Walcott 1905] R65
       |              |    |--*P. labradorica (Billings 1861) [=Obolus labradoricus] R65
       |              |    `--‘*Iphidea’ bella Billings 1872 [=*Iphidella bella] R65
       |              `--Micromitra Meek 1873 RNP03 [incl. Icodonta Bell 1941 R65]
       |                   |--*M. sculptilis (Meek 1873) RNP03 [=Iphidea sculptilis R65]
       |                   |--M. modesta Lochman 1940 RNP03
       |                   |--M. phillipsi (Holl 1865) L95
       |                   `--‘*Icodonta’ typica Bell 1941 R65
       `--+--Linguloidea HSW02
          `--+--Botsfordiidae [Botsfordiacea] WR65
             |    |--Neobolus Waagen 1885 (see below for synonymy) R65
             |    |    |--*N. warthi Waagen 1885 R65
             |    |    `--‘*Davidsonella’ linguloides Waagen 1885 [=*Lakhmina linguloides] R65
             |    `--Botsfordiinae R65
             |         |--Glyptias Walcott 1901 R65
             |         |    `--*G. favosa (Linnarsson 1869) [=Lingula favosa] R65
             |         `--Botsfordia Matthew 1891 [incl. Mobergia Redlich 1899] R65
             |              |--*B. pulchra (Matthew 1889) [=Obolus pulcher] R65
             |              `--B. granulata (Relich 1899) [=*Mobergia granulata] R65
             `--+--Discinacea WR65
                `--Acrothelidae [Schizopholidacea] WR65
                     |--Conodiscinae R65
                     |    |--Conodiscus Ulrich & Cooper 1936 R65
                     |    |    `--*C. burlingi (Kobayashi 1935) [=Acrothele burlingi] R65
                     |    `--Discinopsis Matthew 1892 R65
                     |         `--*D. gulielmi (Matthew 1886) [=Acrotreta gulielmi] R65
                     `--Acrothelinae R65
                          |--Orbithele Sdzuy 1955 R65
                          |    `--*O. contraria (Barrande 1868) [=Discina contraria] R65
                          |--Redlichella Walcott 1908 R65
                          |    `--*R. granulata (Linnarsson 1876) [=Acrotreta granulata] R65
                          |--Acrothele Linnarsson 1876 HSW02, R65 (see below for synonymy)
                          |    |--*A. coriacea Linnarsson 1876 R65
                          |    `--‘*Dearbonia’ clarki Walcott 1908 R65
                          `--Schizopholis Waagen 1885 [incl. Discinolepis Waagen 1885] R65
                               |--*S. rugosa Waagen 1885 R65
                               `--‘*Discinolepis’ granulata Waagen 1885 R65

Acrothele Linnarsson 1876 HSW02, R65 [=Aerothele (l. c.) R65; incl. Dearbonia Walcott 1908 R65]

Neobolus Waagen 1885 [incl. Davidsonella Waagen 1885 non Munier-Chalmas 1881, Lakhmina Oehlert 1887; Neobolinae] R65

Schizobolus concentricus (Vanuxem 1842) [=Lingula concentrica; incl. Discina truncata Hall 1863, *Schizobolus truncatus] R65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EL11] Erwin, D. H., M. Laflamme, S. M. Tweedt, E. A. Sperling, D. Pisani & K. J. Peterson. 2011. The Cambrian conundrum: early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 334: 1091–1097.

[HSW02] Holmer, L. E., C. B. Skovsted & A. Williams. 2002. A stem group brachiopod from the Lower Cambrian: support for a Micrina (halkieriid) ancestry. Palaeontology 45 (5): 875–882.

[L95] Landing, E. 1995. Upper Placentian–Branchian series of mainland Nova Scotia (middle–upper Lower Cambrian): faunas, paleoenvironments, and stratigraphic revision. Journal of Paleontology 69 (3): 475–495.

[RNP03] Robson, S. P., G. S. Nowlan & B. R. Pratt. 2003. Middle to Upper Cambrian linguliformean brachiopods from the Deadwood Formation of subsurface Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 77 (2): 201–211.

[R65] Rowell, A. J. 1965. Inarticulata. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 1 pp. H260–H296. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).

[SB09] Skovsted, C. B., U. Balthasar, G. A. Brock & J. R. Paterson. 2009. The tommotiid Camenella reticulosa from the early Cambrian of South Australia: morphology, scleritome reconstruction, and phylogeny. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 (3): 525–540.

[WH02] Williams, A., & L. E. Holmer. 2002. Shell structure and inferred growth, functions and affinities of the sclerites of the problematic Micrina. Palaeontology 45 (5): 845–873.

[WR65] Williams, A., & A. J. Rowell. 1965. Evolution and phylogeny. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 1 pp. H164–H199. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).