Belongs within: Holometabola.
Contains: Hemerobiiformia, Myrmeleontiformia.
The Neuroptera, lacewings, are a group of predaceous insects. They are united by having the ninth gonocoxites associated with the gonarcus, and larvae with sucking mouthparts in which the maxillae and mandibles form a tube (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Living neuropterans are mostly divided between two major lineages, the Hemerobiiformia and Myrmeleontiformia, with the exception of the Nevrorthidae. The Nevrorthidae are a family of small lacewings with aquatic larvae mostly found in fast-flowing streams, where they are possibly predatory on other aquatic insects (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).
Neuroptera [Myrmeleontida, Planipennia]
| i. s.: Paleogetes [Prohemerobiidae] P02
| Mesopolystoechus Martynov 1937 [Mesopolystoechotidae] REL02
| Archegetes neuropterum W13
| Megapolystoechotes Tillyard 1933 REL02
| Cratosisyrops gongazai Martins-Neto 1997 NM03
| Archicauloides dubitatis H74
| Grammosmylidae GE05
|--Permithonidae GE05
| |--Sylvasenex lacrimabundus P02
| |--Permithonopsis enormis P02
| |--Permosisyra paurovenosa P02
| `--Permithone F71
| |--P. belmontensis Tillyard 1922 [incl. Permosmylus pincombeae Tillyard 1926] F71
| |--P. neoxenus Riek 1953 F71
| `--P. oliarcoides Tillyard 1926 F71
`--+--+--Hemerobiiformia GE05
| `--Myrmeleontiformia GE05
`--Nevrorthidae [Nevrorthiformia] GE05
|--Austroneurorthus Nakahara 1958 NM03
|--Nipponeurorthus Nakahara 1958 NM03
|--Nevrorthus Costa 1863 NM03
| `--N. fallax (Rambur 1842) NM03
`--Rophalis Hagen 1856 NM03
`--R. relicta Hagen 1856 NM03
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[H74] Helson, G. A. H. 1974. Insect Pests: Identification, life history, and control of pests of farms, horticulture, gardens, and public health. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[NM03] Nel, A., J.-J. Menier, A. Waller, G. Hodebert & G. de Ploëg. 2003. New fossil spongilla-flies from the lowermost Eocene amber of France (Insecta, Neuroptera, Sisyridae). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 109–117.
[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Myrmeleontidea Latreille, 1802 (=Neuropteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P. & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 176–189. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[REL02] Ren, D., M. S. Engel & W. Lü. 2002. New giant lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 75 (3): 188–193.
[W13] Witton, M. P. 2013. Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).
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