Ballarrinae

Female of Ballarra drosera (legs removed), from Hunt & Cokendolpher (1991).


Belongs within: Neopilionidae.

The Ballarrinae is a group of very small long-legged harvestmen found in Australia, southern Africa and South America. Ballarrines are characterised by the possession of elongate pedipalps with an extremely long patella, retroflexed tibia and reduced terminal claw on the tarsus. In the Australian genera Ballarra, Plesioballarra and Arrallaba, a barbed process is present on the left side of the penis at the junction between shaft and glans; such a process is absent in the South American Americovibone lanfrancoae (the male of the South African Vibone vetusta has not been described).

Characters (from Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991): Body small, usually greater than 0.8 and less than 3.5 mm long. Integument usually thin, at the most armed with minute setae. Abdominal spiracle usually concealed beneath coxa IV. Penis shaft usually with strong dorsal keel, muscle usually long (tendon short), left ventrolateral barbed process present or lacking. Ovipositor with two or four seminal receptacles. Pedipalp patella longer than tibia and usually tarsus, dorsal angle between patella and tibia less than 180°, patella and tibia without dense pile of setae; tarsus usually concave dorsad along its length, plumose setae extend to or almost to distal tip, non-socketed setae restricted to area of distal tip or lacking; tarsal claw lacking or small, usually inserted ventrodistally, usually with on ventral tooth. Chelicerae small in most species; first segment with or without ventral spur; jaws with continuous row of teeth of subequal size in most species. Legs long and usually slender; pseudoarticulations present in all metatarsi, tibia II, and femur II in some species; tarsi each with simple claw or claw with small teeth on each side. Sexual dimorphism slight in most species.

<==Ballarrinae
    |--Vibone Kauri 1961 HC91
    |    `--*V. vetusta Kauri 1961 HC91
    |--Plesioballarra Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
    |    `--*P. crinis Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
    |--Arrallaba Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
    |    `--*A. spheniscus Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
    |--Americovibone Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
    |    `--*A. lanfrancoae Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
    `--Ballarra Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
         |--*B. drosera Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
         |--B. alpina Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
         |--B. cantrelli Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
         |--B. clancyi Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
         |--B. longipalpus Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91
         `--B. molaris Hunt & Cokendolpher 1991 HC91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[HC91] Hunt, G. S., & J. C. Cokendolpher. 1991. Ballarrinae, a new subfamily of harvestmen from the Southern Hemisphere (Arachnida, Opiliones, Neopilionidae). Records of the Australian Museum 43: 131-169.

Carex

Brown sedge Carex brunnea, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.


Belongs within: Scirpeae.
Contains: 'Uncinia' section Uncinia, Carex subgenus Vignea, Carex subgenus Carex.

Carex is a large genus (over 1500 species) of sedges found in cool and temperate parts of the world. Some species are agricultural weeds in pasture and damp habitats. Members of the genus produce unisexual flowers with female flowers enclosed in a utricle. Female spikelets are single-flowered and arranged in spikes of two to numerous spikelets, whereas male spikelets are two- or more flowered (Moore & Edgar 1970). A group of mostly Southern Hemisphere species in which the spikelet rhachilla is produced into a hook have historically been recognised as a distinct genus Uncinia but phylogenetic analysis demonstrates this group to be embedded within a broader Carex. Basal members of Carex include the southeast Asian C. hypolytroides, in which the inflorescence is produced as a compound, interrupted panicle.

<==Carex Linnaeus 1753 [incl Uncinia Pers. 1807] ME70
    |--+--C. hypolytroides SB19
    |  `--C. siderosticta SB19
    `--+--+--+--+--C. phyllostachys SB19
       |  |  |  `--+--C. peregrina SB19
       |  |  |     `--+--C. macrostylos SB19
       |  |  |        `--C. pulicaris SB19
       |  |  `--+--C. lancea SB19
       |  |     `--+--C. ludwigii SB19
       |  |        `--+--C. capensis SB19
       |  |           `--+--C. spartea SB19
       |  |              `--C. uhligii SB19
       |  `--+--C. microglochin SB19
       |     |    |--C. m. ssp. microglochin D03
       |     |    `--C. m. ssp. fuegina D03
       |     `--+--+--C. simpliciuscula SB19
       |        |  `--+--C. myosuroides SB19
       |        |     `--C. parvula SB19 [=C. inversa f. parvula Kük. 1909 ME70]
       |        `--‘Uncinia’ sect. Uncinia SB19
       `--+--+--C. capillifolia SB19
          |  `--+--+--C. disticha SB19 [=Uncinia disticha Col. 1888 ME70]
          |     |  `--C. physodes SB19
          |     `--C. subg. Vignea SB19
          `--+--C. brunnea SB19
             `--+--C. filicina SB19
                `--C. subg. Carex SB19

Carex incertae sedis:
  C. abdita NC01
  C. abrupta H93
  C. albida [incl. C. sonomensis] H93
  C. albonigra H93
  C. alma H93
  C. alsophila B78
  C. amplectens H93
  C. amplifolia H93
  C. angustata H93 [=C. sterilis var. angustata V72; incl. C. eurycarpa H93, C. oxycarpa H93]
  C. athrostachya H93
  C. atrata O88
    |--C. a. ssp. atrata O88
    `--C. a. ssp. pullata O88
  C. atrofusca O88
    |--C. a. ssp. atrofusca O88
    `--C. a. ssp. minor nec C. fascicularis var. minor Boott in Hook. f. 1853 nec C. inversa var. minor Boott 1867 O88
  C. australis Link ex Boeck. 1877 (n. d.) ME70
  C. barbarae H93
  C. benghalensis B78
  C. bicolor C55b
  C. bigelowii CS77
  C. bolanderi H93
  C. brainerdii H93
  C. brevicaulis H93
  C. breweri H93
  C. californica H93
  C. canariensis KL98
  C. caryophyllea KL98
  C. chordorrhiza V72
  C. compacta [=Uncinia compacta] B78
  C. concinnoides H93
  C. congdonii H93
  C. contracta B78
  C. coxiana Petrie 1926 (n. d.) ME70
  C. cruenta O88
  C. curta C55a
  C. cusickii H93
  C. darwinii Boott. 1845 C06
    |--C. d. var. darwinii ME70
    `--C. d. var. aristata Clarke ex Kük. 1899 [=C. darwinii var. urolepis (Franch.) Kükenthal 1909] ME70
  C. davyi H93
  C. decidua D03
  C. densa H93 [=C. gayana var. densa D03; incl. C. breviligulata H93, C. vicaria H93]
  C. distachya KL98
  C. douglasii H93
  C. dudleyi H93
  C. eburnea V72
  C. ekmanii J87
  C. eleocharis MML75
  C. feta H93
  C. filifolia CL86
    |--C. f. var. filifolia H93
    `--C. f. var. erostrata [incl. C. exserta] H93
  C. firma PS98
  C. fissilis [incl. C. dietrichiae Boeckel 1875] B78
  C. fissuricola H93
  C. fracta H93
  C. fusca D06
  C. geyeri H93
  C. gigas H93
  C. globosa H93
  C. gracilior H93
  C. gynodynama H93
  C. haasteana Boeck. 1878 ME70
  C. haematostoma O88
  C. halliana [incl. C. oregonensis] H93
  C. harfordii [incl. C. montereyensis] H93
  C. hassei H93 [incl. C. aurea var. androgyna H93, C. pensylvanica f. androgyna V72]
  C. hattoriana P82
  C. heleonastes C55b
  C. helleri H93
  C. hendersonii H93
  C. heteroneura H93
    |--C. h. var. heteroneura H93
    `--C. h. var. epapillosa H93
  C. himalaica O88
  C. hirtella O88
  C. hirtifolia V72
  C. hirtissima H93
  C. hoodii H93
  C. hubbardii B00
  C. hypandra B78
  C. illota H93
  C. inanis O88
  C. incurva C55b
  C. incurviformis H93
    |--C. i. var. incurviformis H93
    `--C. i. var. danaensis H93
  C. indica B78
  C. infuscata O88
  C. inops [incl. C. pensylvanica var. vespertina] H93
  C. integra H93
  C. irrigua C55a
  C. jonesii H93
  C. juncifolia C55a
  C. kobomugi STK06
  C. krullii Boeck. 1882 (n. d.) ME70
  C. laeta O88
  C. laeviculmis H93
  C. lehmannii O88
  C. lemmonii H93
  C. leporina CA26
  C. leporinella H93
  C. leptalea [incl. C. microstachys, C. polytrichoides] H93
    |--C. l. var. leptalea V72
    `--C. l. var. harperi V72
  C. lobolepis B78
  C. longiacuminata Col. 1889 (n. d.) ME70
  C. luzulaifolia [=C. luzulaefolia (l. c.)] H93
  C. luzulina H93
    |--C. l. var. luzulina H93
    `--C. l. var. ablata H93
  C. lyngbyei H93
  C. macloviana BS00
  C. macrocephala T87
  C. maculata [incl. C. neurochlamys] B78
  C. magellanica D03
  C. mariposana [incl. C. paucifructus] H93
  C. maritima O88
  C. melanantha O88
  C. mendocinensis H93
  C. mertensii H93
  C. microptera [incl. C. festivella] H93
  C. misandra CS77
  C. monostachya DS04
  C. mucronata C55a
  C. multicaulis H93
  C. multicostata H93
  C. munda O88
  C. nakaoana O88
  C. nebrascensis H93
  C. neesiana C06
  C. nervina H93
  C. neurophora H93
  C. nigricans H93
  C. nivalis O88
  C. norvegica H93
  C. novae-selandiae Boeck. 1878 (n. d.) ME70
  C. nubigena O88
  C. nudata H93
  C. obispoensis H93
  C. obnupta H93
  C. obscura O88
    |--C. o. var. obscura O88
    `--C. o. var. brachycarpa O88
  C. occidentalis H93
  C. orbicularis O88
  C. pachystachya H93 (see below for synonymy)
  C. paludosa C55a
  C. panicea C06
  C. pansa H93
  C. parallela H44
  C. parryana H93
    |--C. p. var. parryana H93
    `--C. p. var. hallii H93
  C. parva O88
  C. perraudieriana KL98
  C. persoonii [incl. C. vitilis] C55b
  C. petasata [incl. C. liddonii] H93
  C. phaeocephala [incl. C. phaeocephala f. eastwoodiana] H93
  ‘Uncinia’ phleoides D03
  C. polyneura Col. 1889 (n. d.) ME70
  ‘Uncinia’ polyneura Col. 1887 (n. d.) ME70
  C. praeceptorum H93
  C. preissii [incl. C. thecata] B78
  C. preslii H93
  C. proposita H93
  C. pseudofoetida O88
  C. quadrangulata Col. 1885 (n. d.) ME70
  C. raynoldsii H93
  C. rotoensis Petrie 1926 (n. d.) ME70
  C. saliniformis [=C. salinaeformis (l. c.)] H93
  C. sartwelliana [incl. C. yosemitana] H93
  C. scabrata V72
  C. scabrifolia T03
  C. schottii H93
  C. scopulorum H93
    |--C. s. var. scopulorum H93
    `--C. s. var. bracteosa [incl. C. gymnoclada] H93
  C. sempervirens H09
  C. senta H93
  C. serratodens [incl. C. bifida] H93
  C. sexspicata Col. 1884 (n. d.) ME70
  C. sheldonii H93
  C. simulata H93
  C. specifica H93
  C. spectabilis H93
  C. spissa H93
  C. sprengelii V72
  C. straminiformis H93
  C. subbracteata H93
  C. subfusca [incl. C. teneraeformis] H93
  C. subnigricans H93
  C. subspathacea H44
  C. supina O88
  C. tahoensis H93
  C. tereticaulis B78
  C. teretiuscula Good. 1794 C06
  C. thouarsii RJ11
  C. tiogana H93
  C. tompkinsii H93
  C. trinervis BBM02
  C. triquetra H93
  C. tumulicola H93
  C. unilateralis H93
  C. ustulata C55b
  C. utriculata [incl. C. rostrata] H93
  C. vahlii [incl. C. alpina] C55b
  C. vallicola H93
  C. vernacula H93
  C. vulgaris B78
    |--C. v. var. vulgaris B78
    `--C. v. var. gaudichaudiana B78
  C. whitneyi [incl. C. jepsonii] H93
  Atratae group V72
    |--C. atratiformis V72
    |--C. buxbaumii V72
    `--C. media V72
  Bicolores group V72
    |--C. aurea V72
    `--C. garberi V72
  Cryptocarpae group V72
    |--C. crinita V72
    `--C. gynandra V72
  Deweyanae group V72
    |--C. bromoides V72
    `--C. deweyana V72
         |--C. d. ssp. deweyana H93
         `--C. d. ssp. leptopoda H93
  Digitatae group V72
    |--C. concinna V72
    |--C. pedunculata V72
    `--C. richardsonii V72
  Gracillimae group V72
    |--C. davisii V72
    |--C. formosa V72
    |--C. gracillima V72
    `--C. prasina V72
  Granulares group V72
    |--C. crawei V72
    `--C. granularis [incl. C. granularis var. haleana] V72
  Griseae group V72
    |--C. amphibola V72
    |    |--C. a. var. amphibola V72
    |    `--C. a. var. turgida [incl. C. grisea] V72
    `--C. conoidea V72
  Limosae group V72
    |--C. limosa V72
    `--C. paupercula V72
  Montanae group V72
    |--C. artitecta V72
    |--C. communis V72
    |    |  i. s.: C. c. f. gynandra non C. gynandra V72
    |    |--C. c. var. communis V72
    |    `--C. c. var. wheeleri V72
    |--C. deflexa V72
    |--C. emmonsii V72
    |--C. lucorum V72
    |--C. peckii V72
    |--C. pensylvanica V72
    |    |--C. p. var. pensylvanica V72
    |    `--C. p. var. digyna [incl. C. heliophila] V72
    |--C. rossii V72 [=C. novae-angliae var. rossii H93; incl. C. brevipes H93]
    |--C. rugosperma V72
    |    |--C. r. var. rugosperma V72
    |    `--C. r. var. tonsa [=C. umbellata var. tonsa] V72
    `--C. umbellata V72
  Oligocarpae group V72
    |--C. hitchcockiana V72
    `--C. oligocarpa V72
  Paniceae group V72
    |--C. livida [incl. C. grayana, C. livida var. radicaulis] V72
    |--C. tetanica V72
    |    |--C. t. var. tetanica V72
    |    `--C. t. var. meadii V72
    |--C. vaginata V72
    `--C. woodii V72
  Phyllostachyae group V72
    |--C. backii V72
    `--C. jamesii V72
  Squarrosae group V72
    |--C. frankii V72
    |--C. squarrosa V72
    `--C. typhina V72
  Vesicariae group V72
    |--C. oligosperma V72
    |--C. retrorsa V72
    |--C. tuckermanii V72
    `--C. vesicaria V72
         |--C. v. var. vesicaria [incl. C. inflata] H93
         `--C. v. var. major non C. inversa var. major [incl. C. exsiccata] H93
  Virescentes group V72
    |--C. hirsutella V72
    |--C. swanii [incl. C. virescens var. minima] V72
    `--C. virescens V72
  Vulpinae group V72
    |--C. alopecoidea V72
    |--C. crus-corvi V72
    |--C. laevivaginata V72
    `--C. stipata V72

Carex pachystachya H93 [incl. C. filiformis ssp. aematorhyncha f. gracilis non C. ternaria var. gracilis Cheesem. 1884 D03, C. pachystachya var. gracilis H93, C. olympica H93]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS00] Ballard, H. E., Jr & K. J. Systsma. 2000. Evolution and biogeography of the woody Hawaiian violets (Viola, Violaceae): Arctic origins, herbaceous ancestry and bird dispersal. Evolution 54 (5): 1521–1532.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CA26] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1926. Notes on New Zealand floristic botany, including descriptions of new species, &c. (No. 5). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 48–72.

[CL86] Collins, E. I., & R. W. Lichvar. 1986. Vegetation inventory of current and historic black-footed ferret habitat in Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 85–93.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D06] Datta, A. 2006. The family Equisetaceae in India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 1–58.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H44] Hammer, M. 1944. Studies on the oribatids and collemboles of Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland 141 (3): 1–210.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KL98] Kiffe, K., & K. Lewejohann. 1998. Ein Neufund von Carex oedipostyla Duval-Jouve (Cyperaceae) auf Teneriffa, Kanarische Inseln. Willdenowia 28: 117–122.

[MML75] McDaniel, B., D. K. Morihara & J. K. Lewis. 1975. A new species of Tuckerella from South Dakota and a key with illustrations of all known described species. Acarologia 17 (1): 274–283.

[ME70] Moore, L. B. & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[NC01] Nekola, J. C., & B. F. Coles. 2001. Systematics and ecology of Gastrocopta (Gastrocopta) rogersensis (Gastropoda: Pupillidae), a new species of land snail from the Midwest of the United States of America. Nautilus 115 (3): 105–114.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P82] Pickard, J. 1982. Catastrophic disturbance and vegetation on Little Slope, Lord Howe Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 161–170.

[PS98] Prosser, F., & S. Scortegagna. 1998. Primula recubariensis, a new species of Primula sect. Auricula Duby endemic to the SE Prealps, Italy. Willdenowia 28: 27–46.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SB19] Semmouri, I., K. Bauters, É. Léveillé-Bourret, J. R. Starr, P. Goetghebeur & I. Larridon. 2019. Phylogeny and systematics of Cyperaceae, the evolution and importance of embryo morphology. Botanical Review 85: 1–39.

[STK06] Suzuki, S., N. Tsurusaki & Y. Kodama. 2006. Distribution of an endangered burrowing spider Lycosa ishikariana in the San'in Coast of Honshu, Japan (Araneae: Lycosidae). Acta Arachnologica 55 (2): 79–86.

[T03] Takeda, S. 2003. Mass wandering in the reproductive season by the fiddler crab Uca perplexa (Decapoda: Ocypodidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 723–728.

[T87] Tsurusaki, N. 1987. Two species of Homolophus newly found from Hokkaido, Japan (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangiidae). Acta Arachnologica 35: 97–107.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Last updated: 4 January 2022.

Bromeliaceae

Inflorescence of Puya alpestris, copyright Junkyardsparkle.


Belongs within: Poales.
Contains: Tillandsioideae, Bromelioideae.

The Bromeliaceae, bromeliads, are a family of herbaceous plants found primarily in the neotropics (a single species, Pitcairnia feliciana, is native to west Africa). Many bromeliads have a vase- or tank-like growth form that encourages the formation of phytotelmata (pooling of water within plants). Numerous species of the family are grown as ornamentals.

The Bromeliaceae have been divided between three subfamilies; however, the 'Pitcairnioideae' (with spiny leaves, capsular fruits and wingless seeds) are paraphyletic with regard to the rest of the family. The basalmost clade within the Bromeliaceae includes the genera Ayensua and Brocchinia; species of Brocchinia are mostly found growing on sand and sandstone in northen South America from Colombia to Guyana and northern Brazil. Other diverse, primarily terrestrial genera of 'pitcairnioids' include Pitcairnia and Fosterella, both of which are widespread in the Neotropics. Another widespread genus, Hechtia, includes species with thick, often spiny leaves. Members of the genus Puya, found in the Andes mountains, are noted for their monocarpic life cycle in which the plants die after a single flowering event. The queen of the Andes Puya raimondii is the largest known bromeliad, reaching a height of five metres, and usually lives for about eighty years before flowering.

Characters (from Luther & Brown): Herbs, perennial, terrestrial, among or on rocks, or epiphytic. Roots usually present, often poorly developed in epiphytic taxa. Stems very short to very elongate. Leaves usually spirally arranged, forming water-impounding rosette, occasionally lax and/or two-ranked, simple, margins serrate or entire, trichomes nearly always covering surface, peltate, water-absorbing. Inflorescences terminal or lateral, sessile to scapose, simple or compound; bracts usually present, conspicuous. Flowers bisexual or functionally unisexual, radially symmetric to slightly bilaterally symmetric; perianth in two distinct sets of three; stamens in two series of three; ovary inferior or superior; placentation axile. Fruits capsules or berries. Seeds plumose, winged, or unappendaged.

<==Bromeliaceae [Bromeliales, Pitcairnioideae]
    |  i. s.: Encholirium luxor SHZ05, C-SQ08
    |         Dyckia SHZ05
    |         Deuterocohnia SHZ05
    |         Rhodostachys littoralis D03
    |         Bromelites dolinskii Schmalhausen 1883 CBH93
    |--+--Ayensua SHZ05
    |  `--Brocchinia SHZ05
    |       |--+--B. micrantha (Baker) Mez 1894 SHZ05
    |       |  `--B. steyermarkii Smith 1951 SHZ05
    |       `--+--B. reducta Baker 1882 SHZ05
    |          `--B. tatei Smith 1946 SHZ05
    `--+--Lindmania guianensis BS05
       `--+--Tillandsioideae BS05
          `--+--Hechtia BS05
             |    |--H. carlsoniae Burt-Utley & Utley 1988 SHZ05
             |    |--H. montana DS04
             |    `--H. texensis DS04
             `--+--+--Navia SHZ05
                |  |--Brewcaria SHZ05
                |  |--Cottendorfia SHZ05
                |  `--‘Brocchinia’ serrata SHZ05
                `--+--+--Pitcairnia BS05
                   |  |    |--P. elizabethae J87
                   |  |    |--P. feliciana (Chevalier) Harms & Milbraed 1938 SHZ05
                   |  |    `--P. punicea Scheidweiler 1842 SHZ05
                   |  `--Fosterella SHZ05
                   |       |--+--F. albicans (Grisebach) Smith 1960 SHZ05
                   |       |  `--F. penduliflora (Wright) Smith 1960 SHZ05
                   |       `--+--F. caulescens Rauh 1979 SHZ05
                   |          `--F. floridensis Ibisch, Vazquez & Gross 1999 SHZ05
                   `--+--Bromelioideae SHZ05
                      `--Puya SHZ05
                           |  i. s.: P. berteroniana DS04
                           |         P. boliviensis SHZ05
                           |         P. chilensis SHZ05
                           |         P. dyckioides DS04
                           |         P. raimondii RJ11
                           |--P. densiflora Harms 1929 SHZ05
                           `--+--P. alpestris (Poeppig) Gay 1952 SHZ05
                              `--P. laxa Smith 1958 SHZ05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS05] Barfuss, M. H. J., R. Samuel, W. Till & T. F. Stuessy. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions. American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 337–351.

[C-SQ08] Carvalho-Sobrinho, J. G. de, & L. P. de Queiroz. 2008. Ceiba rubriflora (Malvaceae: Bombacoideae), a new species from Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 649–653.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SHZ05] Schulte, K., R. Horres & G. Zizka. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of Bromelioideae and its implications on biogeography and the evolution of CAM in the family (Poales, Bromeliaceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 113–125.

Last updated: 20 March 2019.

Scirpeae

Deergrass Trichophorum cespitosum, copyright S. Rae.


Belongs within: Cyperaceae.
Contains: Kyllinga, Scirpus, Eriophorum, Carex.

The Scirpeae are a tribe of sedges in which all flowers are hermaphroditic, and the glumes are spirally arranged and all floriferous except the lowest (Healy & Edgar 1980). Members of the tribe are found in wetland habitats, some in standing water. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the group is paraphyletic to the genus Carex which produces unisexual flowers.

<==Scirpeae SB19
    |  i. s.: Kyllinga B78
    |         Desmoschoenus Hook. f. 1853 ME70
    |           `--D. spiralis (Rich.) Hook. f. 1853 (see below for synonymy) ME70
    |         Lipocarpha B78
    |           |--L. argentea [=Hypaelyptum (l. c. for Hypolytrum) argenteum] B78
    |           |--L. aristulata [=Hemicarpha micrantha var. aristulata] H93
    |           |--L. micrantha [=Hemicarpha micrantha; incl. H. micrantha var. minor] H93
    |           |--L. microcephala [=Hypaelyptum (l. c. for Hypolytrum) microcephalum; incl. Scirpus leptocarpus] B78
    |           `--L. occidentalis [=Hemicarpha occidentalis] H93
    |--Calliscirpus SB19
    |    |--C. brachythrix SB19
    |    `--C. criniger SB19
    `--+--+--+--Amphiscirpus nevadensis SB19
       |  |  `--+--Zameioscirpus SB19
       |  |     |    |--Z. gaimardioides SB19
       |  |     |    `--+--Z. atacamensis SB19
       |  |     |       `--Z. muticus SB19
       |  |     `--+--Rhodoscirpus asper SB19
       |  |        `--Phylloscirpus SB19
       |  |             |--P. deserticola SB19
       |  |             `--+--P. acaulis SB19
       |  |                `--P. boliviensis SB19
       |  `--+--‘Scirpus’ ternatanus SB19
       |     `--+--Scirpus SB19
       |        `--Eriophorum SB19
       `--+--+--Oreobolopsis SB19
          |  |    |--O. clementis SB19
          |  |    `--+--O. tepalifera SB19
          |  |       `--+--O. inversa SB19
          |  |          `--‘Trichophorum’ rigidum SB19
          |  |--Trichophorum SB19
          |  |    |--T. cespitosum SB19
          |  |    |--T. pumilum SB19
          |  |    |--+--T. clintonii SB19
          |  |    |  `--T. planifolium SB19
          |  |    `--+--T. alpinum SB19
          |  |       `--+--T. dioicum SB19
          |  |          `--T. subcapitatum SB19
          |  `--Cypringlea SB19
          |       |--C. analecta SB19
          |       `--C. evadens SB19
          `--+--Sumatroscirpus [Sumatroscirpeae] SB19
             |    |--S. paniculatocorymbosus SB19
             |    `--S. rupestris SB19
             `--Carex SB19

Desmoschoenus spiralis (Rich.) Hook. f. 1853 [=Isolepis spiralis Rich. 1832, Scirpus spiralis (Rich.) Druce 1917 non Rottb. 1773, S. frondosus Boeck. 1878, Anthophyllum urvillei Steud. 1855] ME70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[SB19] Semmouri, I., K. Bauters, É. Léveillé-Bourret, J. R. Starr, P. Goetghebeur & I. Larridon. 2019. Phylogeny and systematics of Cyperaceae, the evolution and importance of embryo morphology. Botanical Review 85: 1–39.

Last updated: 4 January 2022.

Uncinia

Hook-sedge Uncinia uncinata, from here.


Belongs within: Cyperaceae.

Uncinia is a genus of sedges found in Australasia and South America, known as hook-sedges or hookgrasses due to their beaked fruits that can hook onto passing animals. They are often found at higher altitudes.

Characters (from Goetghebeur 1998): Tufted, rhizomatous, or rarely stoloniferous perennials. Culms scapose, rarely noded. Leaves ligulate. Inflorescence a bisexual spike with in the lower part female spikelets, and apically male flowers forming an apical male spikelet. Primary bracts mostly small and glumelike, or a few lower bracts more or less leaflike, deciduous or persistent. Male spikelet with few to many densely spirally arranged glumes, each subtending a male flower with two to three stamens with broad or narrow filaments. Female spikelets one-flowered, rachilla elongated, with a terminal recurved hook, formed by a thick, more or less coriaceous glume, prophyll utriculiform, subtending the female flower. Female flower without bristles, with a trifid style, style base not distinct, often more or less thickened and persistent, ovary seated on a small disc with three basal knobs, opposite the ribs. Achenes oblong to ovate, (rounded) trigonous, beaked, surface smooth.

<==Uncinia
    |--U. astonii W91
    |--U. caespitosa A27
    |--U. compacta W27
    |--U. divaricata W91
    |--U. drucei W91
    |--U. erinacea D03
    |--U. filiformis W91
    |--U. hamata J87
    |--U. involuta W91
    |--U. kingii D03
    |--U. leptostachya A27
    |--U. longifructus W91
    |--U. nervosa W91
    |--U. pedicellata A27
    |--U. phleoides D03
    |--U. rigida A27
    |--U. riparia A27
    |--U. rubra A27
    `--U. uncinata A27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905-977.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 1-34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

Goetghebeur, P. 1998. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. 4. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons. Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae) pp. 141-189. Springer.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[W27] Wall, A. 1927. Some problems of distribution of indigenuous plants in New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 94-105.

[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317-330.

Bromus

Smooth brome Bromus racemosus, photographed by Rasbak.


Belongs within: Pooideae.

Bromus, the bromes or cheatgrasses, is a genus of grasses found primarily in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Bromus tectorum, drooping brome or cheatgrass, is a native of the western Palaearctic that has become a prominent invasive in many other parts of the world.

Characters (from Liu, Zhu & Ammann): Annuals or perennials. Culms erect, tufted or with rhizomes. Leaf sheaths closed; leaf blades linear, usually flat; ligules membranous. Panicles spreading or contracted, branches scabrid or pubescent, elongated or arched. Spikelets large, with 3 to many florets, upper florets often sterile; rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets, scabrid or shortly hairy; glumes unequal or subequal, shorter than spikelet, lanceolate or nearly ovate, (1–)5–7-veined, apex acute or long acuminate or aristiform; floret callus glabrous or both sides thinly hairy; lemmas rounded on back or compressed to keel, 5–9(–11)-veined, herbaceous or nearly leathery, margins often membranous, apex entire or 2-toothed; awn terminal or arising from lemma between teeth slightly under apex, rarely awnless or 3-awned; palea narrow, usually shorter than lemma, keels ciliate or scabrid. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Ovary apex with appendage; styles 2, arising from lower front of appendage. Caryopsis oblong, apex hairy, adaxial surface sulcate. Chromosomes large, x = 7, 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56, 70.

<==Bromus [Bromeae]
    |--B. sect. Aphaneroneuron S98
    |    `--B. racemosus S98
    |--B. sect. Neobromus (Shear) Hitchcock 1935 S98
    |    `--B. (sect. *N.) trinii S98
    |--B. (sect. Sapheneuron) lanceolatus Roth 1797 [incl. B. macrostachys] S98
    `--B. sect. Triniusia (Steudel) Nevski 1934 [=Triniusa Steudel 1854] S98
         |--B. (sect. *T.) danthoniae von Trinius in Meyer 1831 (see below for synonymy) S98
         |    |--B. d. ssp. danthoniae S98
         |    |--B. d. ssp. pseudodanthoniae (Dobrov) Scholz 1998 (see below for synonymy) S98
         |    `--B. d. ssp. rogersii Hubbard ex Scholz 1998 S98
         `--B. turcomanicus Scholz 1998 S98

Bromus incertae sedis:
  B. albowianus D03
  B. alopecuros PT98
    |--B. a. ssp. alopecuros PT98
    `--B. a. ssp. caroli-henrici PT98
  B. arenarius [incl. B. australis] C06
  B. arvensis S03
  B. auleticus S06
  B. carinatus H59
  B. cathartiens B00
  B. commutatus [=B. racemosus var. commutatus] C06
  B. diandrus OS04
  B. erectus BN99
  B. fasciculatus PT98
  B. grandis O88
  B. gussonii H59
  B. inermis GPWG01
  B. intermedius PT98
  B. japonicus KM08
  B. lanatus R96
  B. madritensis Linnaeus 1755 PL04
  B. mollis [incl. B. hordaceus] G88
  B. oxyodon S98
  B. patulus C06
  B. pectinatus S98
  B. pictus RJ11
  B. ramosus S03
  B. rigidus G88
  B. rubens OS04
  B. scoparius S98
  B. squarrosus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
  B. stramineus B00
  B. sterilis PT98
  B. tectorum GPWG01
  B. unioloides [=Ceratochloa unioloides] C06
    |  i. s.: B. u. f. chasmogama Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |--B. u. var. unioloides S06
    |--B. u. var. brevis S06
    `--B. u. var. humilis S06
  B. willdenowii LNB03

Nomen invalidum: Bromus danthoniae var. uniaristatus Melderis 1960 S98

Bromus (sect. *Triniusia) danthoniae von Trinius in Meyer 1831 [=B. lanceolatus var. danthoniae (von Trinius) Dinsm. 1933, B. macrostachys ssp. danthoniae (von Trinius) Asch. & Graebner 1901, Triniusia danthoniae (von Trinius) Steudel 1854; incl. B. danthoniae var. lanuginosus Roshev. 1926] S98

Bromus danthoniae ssp. pseudodanthoniae (Dobrov) Scholz 1998 [=B. pseudodanthoniae Dobrov 1925; incl. B. danthoniae var. submuticus Mouterde 1966, B. macrostachys var. triaristatus Hackel 1879] S98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[BN99] Bungener, P., S. Nussbaum, A. Grub & J. Fuhrer. 1999. Growth response of grassland species to ozone in relation to soil moisture condition and plant strategy. New Phytologist 142: 283–293.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[G88] Grubb, P. J. 1988. The uncoupling of disturbance and recruitment, two kinds of seed bank, and persistence of plant populations at the regional and local scales. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25: 23–26.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LNB03] Ledeganck, P., I. Nijs & L. Beyens. 2003. Plant functional group diversity promotes soil protist diversity. Protist 154 (2): 239–249.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[R96] Righi, G. 1996. Colombian earthworms. Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems 4: 485–607.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S98] Scholz, H. 1998. Notes on Bromus danthoniae and relatives (Gramineae). Willdenowia 28: 143–150.

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1-4): 143–164.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

Last updated: 30 November 2017.

Hordeum

Barley Hordeum vulgare, from here.


Belongs within: Pooideae.

Hordeum, the barleygrasses, is a genus of temperate grasses of which H. vulgare is the commercially grown barley. Hordeum murinum, wall barley, may be a significant component of pastures for animal fodder. Other species, however, may be regarded as weed species.

Characters (from Flora of China): Plants annual or perennial. Culms usually erect. Leaf sheath of cauline leaves split almost to base; ligule membranous or leathery-membranous; auricles present or absent; leaf blade usually flat. Spike dense, usually without a terminal spikelet; rachis short, brittle, rarely flexible. Spikelets usually 3 per node, in regular rows, with 1 (or 2) florets; lateral spikelets usually pedicellate, rarely sessile, often reduced and much smaller than central spikelet; central spikelet usually sessile, rarely pedicellate, perfect. Glumes narrow, subulate-setaceous, sometimes lanceolate dilated at base, inconspicuously 1–3-veined, not keeled. Lemma subrounded abaxially, leathery, rarely leathery-membranous, 5-veined, not keeled, awned or awnless. Palea almost equaling lemma, glabrous, scabrous, or ciliate along keels. Lodicules broadly lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate. Caryopsis usually adnate to lemma and palea, rarely free, oblong, concave furrowed on inner side, apex hairy. x = 7.

<==Hordeum
    |--H. aegiceras [=Critho aegiceras] T08
    |--H. brevisubulatum SS05
    |    |--H. b. var. brevisubulatum SS05
    |    `--H. b. ssp. nevskianum (Bowden) Tzvelev 1971 [=H. nevskianum Bowden 1965] SS05
    |--H. bulbosum PT98
    |--H. comosum [incl. H. jubatum, Elymus lechleri] S06
    |--H. compressum S06
    |    |--H. c. var. compressum S06
    |    |--H. c. var. superatum Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |    `--H. c. var. tenuispicatum Hackel & Stuckert in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |--H. distichum TG88
    |--H. geniculatum GK00
    |--H. glaucum HE80
    |--H. hexastichon C55
    |--H. maritimum C06
    |--H. murinum Lin. 1753 S06
    |    |--H. m. ssp. murinum S06
    |    `--H. m. ssp. leporinum Richs. 1890 (see below for synonymy) S06
    |--H. pusillum Nutt. 1818 S06
    |--H. secalinum Schreb. 1771 S06
    |    |--H. s. var. secalinum D03
    |    |--H. s. var. chilense D03
    |    `--H. s. var. parviflorum Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |--H. spontaneum MH98
    |--H. vulgare GPWG01
    `--H. zeocriton C55

Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum Richs. 1890 [=H. leporinum Link. 1834; incl. H. ambiguum Doell in Mart. & Eichl. 1880] S06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[SS05] Srivastava, S. K., & K. C. Sekar. 2005. Contribution to the flora of Himachal Pradesh from Pin Valley National Park. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 159–162.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[T08] Turner, F. 1908. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 636.

Last updated: 30 November 2017.

Festuca

Blue fescue Festuca glauca, from here.


Belongs within: Pooideae.

Festuca, the fescues, is a genus of grasses found in temperate parts of the world. Many species are commercially significant as grazing or lawn grasses; they are often favoured in revegetation programmes for their ability to establish on bare ground. Plants are bisexual in the subgenus Festuca but species of the genus Leucopoa are dioecious (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Lu, Chen & Aiken): Perennials, tufted, shoots extra- or intra-vaginal. Leaf sheath margins usually free, rarely connate, sometimes with auricles; leaf blades folded to conduplicate and filiform, sometimes flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence an open, contracted or spikelike panicle. Spikelets with 2 to several florets, uppermost floret usually reduced; rachilla usually scabrid, rarely smooth or pubescent; disarticulating above glumes and between florets; glumes usually unequal, herbaceous to scarious, rarely subleathery, lower glume often small, 1-veined, upper glume usually shorter than lowest lemma, 3(–5)-veined; lemmas usually similar in texture to glumes, often subleathery at least with age, usually more or less laterally compressed but not keeled, rounded on back at least toward base, usually 5-veined, veins sometimes prominent, apex acuminate, entire or notched, awned or awnless; palea subequal to lemma, keels scabrid, rarely smooth. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous or hairy on top. Caryopsis oblong or linear, usually ventrally sulcate, usually free from lemma and palea, hilum long-linear. x = 7.

<==Festuca
    |--F. subg. Festuca H93
    |    |--F. arundinacea H93
    |    |--F. brachyphylla H93
    |    |    |--F. b. ssp. brachyphylla H93
    |    |    `--F. b. ssp. breviculmis H93
    |    |--F. californica H93
    |    |--F. elmeri [incl. F. elmeri ssp. luxurians] H93
    |    |--F. idahoensis H93
    |    |--F. minutiflora H93
    |    |--F. occidentalis H93
    |    |--F. pratensis [incl. F. elatior] H93
    |    |--F. rubra H93
    |    |    |--F. r. var. rubra V72
    |    |    `--F. r. var. commutata V72
    |    |--F. saximontana H93
    |    |    |--F. s. var. saximontana H93
    |    |    `--F. s. var. purpusiana H93
    |    |--F. subulata H93
    |    |--F. subuliflora H93
    |    |--F. trachyphylla H93
    |    `--F. viridula H93
    `--F. subg. Leucopoa H93
         |--‘Leucopoa’ albida O88
         `--F. kingii [=Hesperochloa kingii, Leucopoa kingii] H93

Festuca incertae sedis:
  F. acanthophylla [incl. F. erecta var. aristulata] S06
  F. alpina PS98
  F. amplissima RJ11
  F. arizonia SF98
  F. calchaquiensis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
  F. callieri (Hack. ex St.-Yves) Markgr. 1933 PL04
  F. cinerea M08
  F. commersonii D03
  F. contracta Kirk 1895 C06
  F. coxii (Petrie) Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 [=Agropyrum coxii] C06
  F. dissitiflora Steud. 1829 S06
    |--F. d. var. dissitiflora S06
    `--F. d. var. loricata S06
  F. erecta H66
  F. eriostoma Hackel 1902 S06
  F. gigantea SF98
  F. glauca SF98
  F. gracillana SB06
  F. guestfalica RZ96
  F. hieronymi S06
    |--F. h. f. hieronymi S06
    `--F. h. f. panicula-expansa S06
  F. leptopogon KYK07
  F. littoralis C06 [=Schedonorus littoralis C06; incl. S. billardierianus B78, Arundo trioidioides B78]
    |--F. l. var. littoralis B78
    `--‘Schedonorus’ l. var. triticoides [=Festuca triticoides] B78
  F. longifolia SF98
  F. multinodis A27
  F. myurus Lin. 1753 S06
  F. obtusa SF98
  F. octiflora EBS98
  F. ovina [incl. F. ovina var. duriuscula] V72
    |--F. o. var. ovina C06
    |--F. o. var. matthewsii Hackel 1903 C06
    `--F. o. var. novae-zealandiae Hackel 1903 C06
  F. paradoxa SF98
  F. pilosa C55
  F. polycolea O88
    |--F. p. var. polycolea O88
    `--F. p. var. brevis O88
  F. pseudovina CS77
  F. purpurascens D03
  F. quadridentata S06
  F. rigida [=Sclerochloa rigida] B78
  F. scabrella [incl. F. scabrella var. major] V72
  F. sciuroides S06
  F. setifolia S06
    |--F. s. f. setifolia S06
    `--F. s. f. mutica Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
  F. tenuifolia [incl. F. capillata (nom. illeg.)] V72
  F. undata O88
    |--F. u. var. undata O88
    `--F. u. var. aristata O88 [=F. duriuscula var. aristata B78]
  F. uninodis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
  F. versuta SF98
  F. vivipara CS77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[EBS98] Elliott, K. J., L. R. Boring & W. T. Swank. 1998. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity after grass-to-forest succession in a southern Appalachian watershed. American Midland Naturalist 140: 219–232.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H66] Hirschmann, W. 1966. Gangsystematik der Parasitiformes. Teil 15. Gänge von Litoralmilben und neue Litoralmilbenarten. Acarologie: Schriftenreihe für Vergleichende Milbenkunde 9: 25–44.

[KYK07] Khan, M. R., P. S. Yadava & A. Kikim. 2007. Additions to the flora of Manipur. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 215–218.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[PS98] Prosser, F., & S. Scortegagna. 1998. Primula recubariensis, a new species of Primula sect. Auricula Duby endemic to the SE Prealps, Italy. Willdenowia 28: 27–46.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[RZ96] Russell, D. J., U. Zeller, M. Kratzmann & G. Alberti. 1996. The mite fauna of continental sand dunes in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 75–80. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[SF98] Saikkonen, K., S. H. Faeth, M. Helander & T. J. Sullivan. 1998. Fungal endophytes: a continuum of interactions with host plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 319–343.

[SB06] Sarno, R. J., M. S. Bank, H. S. Stern & W. L. Franklin. 2006. Effects of age, sex, season, and social dynamics on juvenile guanaco subordinate behavior. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 41–47.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 409–555.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Last updated: 4 January 2022.

Pooideae

Brachypodium distachyon, photographed by Neil Harris.


Belongs within: Poaceae.
Contains: Phalarideae, Deyeuxia, Calamagrostis, Piptochaetium, Polypogon, Meliceae, Stipa, Poa, Avena, Agrostis, Deschampsia, Trisetum, Triticum, Hordeum, Agropyrum, Festuca, Bromus.

The Pooideae is a clade of grasses characterised by the loss of stylar fusion (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001). Many pooids also possess multiple florets per spikelet and lack multicellular microhairs. Members of the clade include a number of significant grain species, such as wheat (Triticum), rye (Secale cereale), oats (Avena) and barley (Hordeum), and a number of major pasture grasses. In contrast, some species of Nassella (needle grasses) are regarded as weeds in pasture because of their low palatability for livestock. The basalmost member of the subfamily is the genus Brachyelytrum, a perennial grass with solitary spikelets borne in panicles, with persistent but very short glumes, found in Asia and North America.

Characters (from Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001): Plants annual or perennial (rhizomatous, stoloniferous, or neither), herbaceous. Culms hollow (rarely solid). Leaves distichous; abaxial ligule absent; adaxial ligule scarious or membranous, the margin not or infrequently short ciliate fringed (rarely long ciliate); blades somewhat broad to usually narrow, rarely pseudopetiolate, venation parallel; sheaths sometimes auriculate. Inflorescences spicate, racemose, or paniculate, bracts outside of the spikelets absent or rarely present. Spikelets bisexual, infrequently unisexual or mixed, usually with two glumes (rarely without glumes or the first absent except on terminal spikelets), 1 to many female-fertile florets with apical or infrequently basal reductions, compressed laterally, infrequently not or dorsally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes (infrequently below the glumes or at the nodes of the inflorescence); lemma lacking uncinate macrohairs, if awned, the awn single; palea usually present and well developed, but variable and sometimes very reduced or absent; lodicules 2 (rarely 3, fused, or absent), usually lanceolate, broadly membranous apically (sometimes fleshy, truncate), often lobed, obscurely few-nerved, or infrequently more or less distinctly few-nerved, not or conspicuously ciliate on the margins; stamens usually 3 (infrequently 1 or 2); ovary glabrous or pubes- cent, rarely with an apical appendage or rostellum, haustorial synergids absent, styles usually 2, close, stigmas 2 (rarely 1 or 3). Caryopsis with the hilum linear and up to as long as the fruit, or subbasal and punctiform, linear, ellipsoidal, ovate, or circular and less than 1/3 the length of the fruit; endosperm hard or sometimes soft or liquid, with or without lipids, containing compound starch grains, or simple starch grains; embryo small, epiblast present (rarely absent), scutellar cleft absent (rarely present, but not deeply incised), mesocotyl internode absent (rarely short), embryonic leaf margins meeting (infrequently margins overlapping). Basic chromosome numbers: x = 7, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Foliar anatomy: Mesophyll nonradiate, adaxial palisade layer absent, fusoid cells absent, arm cells absent; Kranz anatomy absent; midrib simple; adaxial bulliform cells present. Foliar micromorphology: Stomata with parallel-sided subsidiary cells; bicellular microhairs absent (rarely present, where chloridoid or panicoid), unicellular microhairs absent (rarely present); papillae usually absent, when present rarely more than one per long cell. Photosynthetic pathway C3.

<==Pooideae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Brachyelytrum [Brachyelytreae] GPWG01
    |    `--B. erectum GPWG01
    `--+--+--Nardus [Nardeae] GPWG01
       |  |    `--N. stricta GPWG01
       |  `--Lygeum [Lygeeae] GPWG01
       |       `--L. spartum GPWG01
       `--+--Meliceae GPWG01
          `--+--+--+--Anisopogon avenaceus GPWG01
             |  |  `--Phaenosperma [Phaenospermatideae] GPWG01
             |  |       `--P. globosum GPWG01
             |  `--+--Ampelodesmos [Ampelodesmeae] GPWG01
             |     |    `--A. mauritanica GPWG01
             |     `--+--+--Stipa GPWG01
             |        |  `--Nassella GPWG01
             |        |       |--N. leucotricha GPWG01
             |        |       |--N. trichotoma HE80
             |        |       `--N. viridula GPWG01
             |        `--+--Piptatherum GPWG01
             |           |    |--P. coerulescens (Desfontaines) Beauvois 1812 PL04
             |           |    |--P. miliaceum GPWG01
             |           |    `--P. songaricum GPWG01
             |           `--Oryzopsis GPWG01
             |                |--O. hymenoides CL86
             |                |--O. lateralis O88
             |                |--O. miliacea AGF98
             |                |--O. munroi O88
             |                `--O. racemosa [=Piptatherum racemosum] GPWG01
             `--+--Diarrhena [Diarrheneae] GPWG01
                |    |--D. americana GPWG01
                |    `--D. obovata GPWG01
                `--+--+--Trachynia Link 1827 GR98
                   |  |    `--T. platystachya (Balansa) Scholz in Greuter & Raus 1998 (see below for synonymy) GR98
                   |  `--Brachypodium [Brachypodieae] GPWG01
                   |       |--B. distachyon (Linnaeus) Beauvois 1812 GPWG01, PL04 [=Trachynia distachya GR98]
                   |       |--B. mexicanum GPWG01
                   |       |--B. pinnatum (Linnaeus) Beauvois 1812 PL04
                   |       |--B. ramosum C74
                   |       |--B. retusum PT98
                   |       `--B. sylvaticum S03
                   `--+--Poeae [Aveneae] GPWG01
                      |    |--Poa GPWG01
                      |    |--Avena GPWG01
                      |    |--Agrostis GPWG01
                      |    |--Deschampsia C06
                      |    |--Trisetum C06
                      |    `--Amphibromus C06
                      |         |--A. fluitans Kirk 1884 C06
                      |         |--A. neesii C06
                      |         |--A. nervosus GK00
                      |         `--A. vickeryae GK00
                      `--+--Triticeae [Hordeae] A05
                         |    |--Triticum GPWG01
                         |    |--Hordeum A05
                         |    |--Australopyrum A05
                         |    |--Agropyrum C06
                         |    |--Asperella C06
                         |    |    |--A. gracilis Kirk 1895 [=Gymnostichum gracile] C06
                         |    |    `--A. laevis Petrie 1895 C06
                         |    `--Lolium S06
                         |         |--L. italicum C06
                         |         |--L. multiflorum LNB03
                         |         |    |--L. m. var. multiflorum S06
                         |         |    `--L. m. var. muticum S06
                         |         |--L. perenne LNB03
                         |         |--L. rigidum Gaud. 1811 S06
                         |         |    |--L. r. var. rigidum S06
                         |         |    `--L. r. var. aristatum Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
                         |         `--L. temulentum C55
                         `--Festuceae C06
                              |--Festuca GPWG01
                              |--Bromus GPWG01
                              |--Munroa S06
                              |    |--M. benthamiana S06
                              |    `--M. squarrosa [incl. Monroa argentina, Munroa mendocina] S06
                              |--Dactylis glomerata Linnaeus 1753 S06, PL04 [=Festuca glomerata S06]
                              |    |--D. g. ssp. glomerata PL04
                              |    `--D. g. ssp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman 1882 PL04
                              |--Koeleria C06
                              |    |--K. albescens BBM02
                              |    |--K. kurtzii Hackel in Kurtz 1899 (see below for synonymy) C06
                              |    |--K. phleoides (Vill.) Pers. 1805 [=Festuca phleoides Vill. 1787] S06
                              |    `--K. splendens Presl 1820 PL04
                              |--Diplachne S06
                              |    |--D. carinata (Gris.) Hackel 1900 [=Atropis carinata Gris. 1879] S06
                              |    |--D. chloridiformis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
                              |    |--D. dubia S06
                              |    |--D. fusca [incl. Leptochloa fascicularis] S06
                              |    |--D. latifolia S06
                              |    |--D. spicata S06
                              |    `--D. verticillata Nees & Meyen 1843 (see below for synonymy) S06
                              |--Atropis C06
                              |    |--A. convoluta S06
                              |    |    |--A. c. var. convoluta S06
                              |    |    `--A. c. var. mendozina Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
                              |    |--A. distans [=Glyceria distans] C06
                              |    |--A. novae-zealandiae (Petrie) Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 (see below for synonymy) C06
                              |    `--A. stricta (Hook.f.) Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 [=Glyceria stricta] C06
                              |         |--A. s. var. stricta C06
                              |         `--A. s. var. suborbicularis Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 C06
                              `--Briza S06
                                   |--B. elegans [=Calotheca elegans; incl. Briza brizoides, Bromus brizoides] S06
                                   |--B. humilis Bieberstein 1808 PL04
                                   |--B. maxima OS04
                                   |--B. media C55
                                   |--B. minor Linnaeus 1753 S06
                                   |--B. stricta S06
                                   `--B. triloba S06
                                        |--B. t. f. triloba S06
                                        `--B. t. f. pumila S06

Pooideae incertae sedis:
  Lamarckia aurea GPWG01, K10
  Echinaria capitata GPWG01, Y98
  Cynosurus GPWG01
    |--C. cristatus C06
    `--C. echinatus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
  Anthoxanthum GPWG01
    |--A. horsfieldii H03
    `--A. odoratum S03
  Phalarideae GPWG01
  Secale cereale GPWG01, E-SM02
  Sesleria GPWG01
    |--S. coerulea R91
    |--S. rigida H09
    `--S. sphaerocephala PS98
  Ammochloa GPWG01
  Rostraria GPWG01
    |--R. cristata PT98
    |--R. pumila AGF98
    `--R. salzmannii GR98
         |--R. s. ssp. salzmannii [=Koeleria pubescens var. salzmanni] GR98
         `--R. s. ssp. maroccana (Domin) Scholz in Greuter & Raus 1998 (see below for synonymy) GR98
  Brylkinia [Brylkinieae] GPWG01
  Echinopogon C06
    |--E. caespitosus B00
    `--E. ovatus [incl. Agrostis ovata, Cinna ovata; incl. Hystericina alopecuroides] C06
  Alopecurus C06
    |--A. aequalis BTA75
    |--A. agrestis C06
    |--A. alpinus D03
    |--A. geniculatus CA27
    |--A. myosuroides TG88
    `--A. pratensis C55
  Deyeuxia C06
  Dichelachne C06
    |--D. crinita (see below for synonymy) C06
    |    |--D. c. var. crinita C06
    |    `--D. c. var. intermedia Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
    `--D. sciurea (see below for synonymy) C06
         |--D. s. var. sciurea C06
         `--D. s. var. inaequiglumis Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
  Simplicia laxa Kirk 1897 C06
  Calamagrostis C06
  Piptochaetium S06
  Muehlenbergia S06
    |--M. diffusa Willd. 1797 S06
    |--M. nana Benth. 1846 S06
    `--M. peruviana [=Clomena peruviana Beauv. 1812; incl. M. clomena] S06
  Lycurus S06
    |--L. alopecuroides S06
    `--L. phleoides S06
  Phleum S06
    |--P. alpinum Lin. 1753 S06
    |--P. arenarium G88
    |--P. graecum PT98
    |    |--P. g. ssp. graecum PT98
    |    `--P. g. ssp. aegaeum PT98
    |--P. paniculatum H91
    `--P. pratense LNB03
  Epicampes S06
    |--E. arundinacea [=Sporobolus arundinaceus] S06
    `--E. coerulea S06
         |--E. c. var. coerulea S06
         `--E. c. var. submutica Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
  Polypogon S06

Atropis novae-zealandiae (Petrie) Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 [=Glyceria novae-zealandiae Petrie 1901; incl. Poa walkeri Kirk 1885] C06

Dichelachne crinita [=Agrostis crinita, Anthoxanthum crinitum; incl. Dichelachne forsteriana Trin. & Rupr. 1842, D. hookeriana Trin. & Rupr. 1842] C06

Dichelachne sciurea [=Agrostis sciurea; incl. Stipa micrantha, D. montana, D. sieberiana Trin. & Rupr. 1842] C06

Diplachne verticillata Nees & Meyen 1843 [incl. Leptochloa imbricata Turb. 1880, D. imbricata (Thurb.) Scribn. 1891, Rhabdochloa imbricata (Thurb.) OK. 1891] S06

Koeleria kurtzii Hackel in Kurtz 1899 [incl. K. cristata Gris. 1874 (preoc.), K. bergii var. fallacina Domin 1906, K. micrathera Griseb. 1879 non Trisetum micratherum] C06

Pooideae [Agrostideae, Agrostidoideae, Anthoxanthoideae, Avenoideae, Cynosuroideae, Echinarioideae, Festucoideae, Glycerioideae, Hordeoideae, Phalaroideae, Secaloideae]

Rostraria salzmannii ssp. maroccana (Domin) Scholz in Greuter & Raus 1998 [=Koeleria salzmannii var. maroccana Domin 1907, K. pubescens var. maroccana] GR98

Trachynia platystachya (Balansa) Scholz in Greuter & Raus 1998 [=Brachypodium distachyon var. platystachyon Balansa ex Cosson in Cosson & Durieu 1855, B. distachyon subvar. platystachyon (Balansa) St.-Yves 1934] GR98

*Type species of generic name indicated

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Last updated: 8 December 2017.